npm包管理
npm其实是Node.js的包管理工具(node package manager)。
为啥我们需要一个包管理工具呢?因为我们在Node.js上开发时,会用到很多别人写的JavaScript代码。如果我们要使用别人写的某个包,每次都根据名称搜索一下官方网站,下载代码,解压,再使用,非常繁琐。于是一个集中管理的工具应运而生:大家都把自己开发的模块打包后放到npm官网上,如果要使用,直接通过npm安装就可以直接用,不用管代码存在哪,应该从哪下载。
更重要的是,如果我们要使用模块A,而模块A又依赖于模块B,模块B又依赖于模块C和模块D,npm可以根据依赖关系,把所有依赖的包都下载下来并管理起来。否则,靠我们自己手动管理,肯定既麻烦又容易出错。
npm的基础使用
npm的指令其实常用的并不多官方文档;列出来如下面:
access Set access level on published packages
adduser
Add a registry user account
audit
Run a security audit
bin
Display npm bin folder
bugs
Bugs for a package in a web browser maybe
build
Build a package
bundle
REMOVED *已删除*
cache
Manipulates packages cache
ci
Install a project with a clean slate
completion
Tab Completion for npm
config
Manage the npm configuration files
dedupe
Reduce duplication
deprecate
Deprecate a version of a package
dist-tag
Modify package distribution tags
docs
Docs for a package in a web browser maybe
doctor
Check your environments
edit
Edit an installed package
explore
Browse an installed package
help-search
Search npm help documentation
help
Get help on npm
hook
Manage registry hooks
init
create a package.json file
install-ci-test
Install a project with a clean slate and run tests
install-test
Install package(s) and run tests
install
Install a package
link
Symlink a package folder
logout
Log out of the registry
ls
List installed packages
npm
javascript package manager
outdated
Check for outdated packages
owner
Manage package owners
pack
Create a tarball from a package
ping
Ping npm registry
prefix
Display prefix
profile
Change settings on your registry profile
prune
Remove extraneous packages
publish
Publish a package
rebuild
Rebuild a package
repo
Open package repository page in the browser
restart
Restart a package
root
Display npm root
run-script
Run arbitrary package scripts
search
Search for packages
shrinkwrap
Lock down dependency versions for publication
star
Mark your favorite packages
stars
View packages marked as favorites
start
Start a package
stop
Stop a package
team
Manage organization teams and team memberships
test
Test a package
token
Manage your authentication tokens
uninstall
Remove a package
unpublish
Remove a package from the registry
update
Update a package
version
Bump a package version
view
View registry info
whoami
Display npm username
init
初始化创建package.json
npm init [–force|-f|–yes|-y|–scope]npm init <@scope> (same as npx <@scope>/create)npm init [<@scope>/]<name> (same as npx [<@scope>/]create-<name>)
search
搜索查看远程npm相关资源包信息
npm search [-l|–long] [–json] [–parseable] [–no-description] [search terms …]aliases: s, se, find
install
可以是说是install是最为常见的命令官方介绍,
npm install (with no args, in package dir)npm install [<@scope>/]<name>npm install [<@scope>/]<name>@<tag>npm install [<@scope>/]<name>@<version>npm install [<@scope>/]<name>@<version range>npm install <git-host>:<git-user>/<repo-name>npm install <git repo url>npm install <tarball file>npm install <tarball url>npm install <folder> alias: npm icommon options: [-P|–save-prod|-D|–save-dev|-O|–save-optional] [-E|–save-exact] [-B|–save-bundle] [–no-save] [–dry-run]
In global mode (ie, with -g or –global appended to the command), it installs the current package context (ie, the current working directory) as a global package. The -g or –global argument will cause npm to install the package globally rather than locally.
The -f or –force argument will force npm to fetch remote resources even if a local copy exists on disk.
上面的还介绍已经很详细了,所以这里只是讲一下npm install packageName [|–save |–save-prod|–save-dev]的区别;
npm install babel npm5以前,会把X包安装到node_modules目录中,不会修改package.json的dependencies字段,之后运行npm install命令时,不会自动安装X
npm install babelnpm5以后,会把X包安装到node_modules目录中,会修改package.json的dependencies字段,之后运行npm install命令时,会自动安装X, 线上环境时会被安装
npm install babel -P -P, –save-prod: Package will appear in your dependencies. This is the default unless -D or -O are present. Package will appear in your dependencies, With the –production flag (or when the NODE_ENV environment variable is set to production), npm will install modules listed in dependencies.
npm install babel -DPackage will appear in your devDependencies,With the –production flag (or when the NODE_ENV environment variable is set to production), npm will not install modules listed in devDependencies. 会把X包安装到node_modules目录中,会在package.json的devDependencies属性下添加X,之后运行npm install命令时,会自动安装X到node_modules目录中,之后运行npm install –production或者注明NODE_ENV变量值为production时,不会自动安装X到node_modules目录中
update
升级某个资源包或者全部资源包到某一个版本或者匹配的最新版本。
npm update [-g] [<pkg>…]aliases: up, upgrade
uninstall
移除某个资源包
npm uninstall [<@scope>/]<pkg>[@<version>]… [-S|–save|-D|–save-dev|-O|–save-optional|–no-save]aliases: remove, rm, r, un, unlink
npm包创建、编写、测试、维护
Node出现之前,JavaScript是缺少包结构的。CommonJS致力于改变这种现状,于是定义了包的结构规范。而NPM的出现则是为了在CommonJS规范的基础上,实现解决包的安装卸载,依赖管理,版本管理等问题。require的查找机制明了之后,我们来看一下包的细节。一个符合CommonJS规范的包应该是如下这种结构:
一个package.json文件应该存在于包顶级目录下
二进制文件应该包含在bin目录下(可选)
JavaScript代码入库是index.js,其他包含在lib目录下
文档应该在doc目录下(可选)
单元测试应该在test目录下(可选)
初始化包
创建包的根目录
mkdir testpackage
初始化
npm init // 需要进行一些基本配置
编写
创建入口文件
touch index.js
编写代码
const updateQueryString = function(url, key, value) {
let urlParts = url.split(‘#’),
hash = ”,
uri = urlParts.shift(),
re = new RegExp(`([?&])${key}=.*?(&|$)`, ‘i’),
separator = uri.indexOf(‘?’) !== -1 ? ‘&’ : ‘?’,
encodeKey = encodeURIComponent(key),
encodeValue = encodeURIComponent(value);
urlParts.length > 0 && (hash = `#${urlParts.join(‘#’)}`);
if (uri.match(re)) {
return uri.replace(re, `$1${encodeKey}=${encodeValue}$2`) + hash;
} else {
return `${uri}${separator}${encodeKey}=${encodeValue}${hash}`;
}
};
// 最后的导出部分
module.exports = {
updateQueryString
};
测试
创建包的根目录
npm i mocha -D // 安装测试库
npm i chai -D // 安装断言库
mkdir test
cd test
touch index.test.js
编写测试代码
const utils = require(‘./../index.js’);
const expect = require(‘chai’).expect;
let {
updateQueryString
} = utils;
describe(‘updateQueryString函数的测试’, function() {
it(‘https://test.com/path?test=11 修改test参数为22 应该等于 https://test.com/path?test=22’, function() {
expect(updateQueryString(‘https://test.com/path?test=11’, ‘test’, 22)).to.be.equal(‘https://test.com/path?test=22’);
});
});
运行测试
cd ..
./node_modules/mocha/bin/mocha
npm包的发布
注册账号npm官网
终端执行 npm login,输入用户名和密码 、邮箱
npm publish 发布
Organization包
我们经常可以看到@angular、@ionic他们的包, 都可以以@开头,那么我们的可不可以,原来angular、ionic都属于一个组织(Organization)只有新创建一个Organization组织之后,才能创建@testorg/testpackname这样的包!!!
那么我们就可以去官网上创建我们的Organization,命名之后,官方步骤,
初始化
npm init –scope=<your_org_name>
npm init foo -> npx create-foonpm init @usr/foo -> npx @usr/create-foonpm init @usr -> npx @usr/create
修改package.json里面的name字段为@your_org_name/<pkg_name>
发布
npm publish –access public // 公开包发布
npm包支持esmodule
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