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前言
今天遇到了一个 bug,现象是,一个任务放入线程池中,似乎“没有被执行”,日志也没有打。
经过本地代码调试之后,发现在任务逻辑的前半段,抛出了NPE
,但是代码外层没有try-catch
,导致这个异常被吃掉。
这个问题解决起来是很简单的,外层加个 try-catch
就好了,但是这个异常如果没有被 catch,线程池内部逻辑是怎么处理这个异常的呢?这个异常最后会跑到哪里呢?
带着疑问和好奇心,我研究了一下线程池那一块的源码,并且做了以下的总结。
源码分析
项目中出问题的代码差不多就是下面这个样子
ExecutorService threadPool = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(3);
threadPool.submit(() -> {
String pennyStr = null;
Double penny = Double.valueOf(pennyStr);
...
})
先进到 newFixedThreadPool
这个工厂方法中看生成的具体实现类,发现是ThreadPoolExecutor
public static ExecutorService newFixedThreadPool(int nThreads) {
return new ThreadPoolExecutor(nThreads, nThreads,
0L, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS,
new LinkedBlockingQueue<Runnable>());
}
再看这个类的继承关系,
再进到 submit
方法,这个方法在 ExecutorService
接口中约定,其实是在 AbstractExectorService
中实现,ThreadPoolExecutor
并没有 override 这个方法。
public Future<?> submit(Runnable task) {if (task == null) throw new NullPointerException();
RunnableFuture<Void> ftask = newTaskFor(task, null);
execute(ftask);
return ftask;
}
protected <T> RunnableFuture<T> newTaskFor(Runnable runnable, T value) {return new FutureTask<T>(runnable, value);
}
对应的 FutureTask 对象的
构造方法
public FutureTask(Runnable runnable, V result) {this.callable = Executors.callable(runnable, result);
this.state = NEW; // state 由 volatile 修饰 保证多线程下的可见性
}
对应Callable
对象的构造方法
public static <T> Callable<T> callable(Runnable task, T result) {if (task == null)
throw new NullPointerException();
return new RunnableAdapter<T>(task, result);
}
对应RunnableAdapter
对象的构造方法
/**
* A callable that runs given task and returns given result
* 一个能执行所给任务并且返回结果的 Callable 对象
*/
static final class RunnableAdapter<T> implements Callable<T> {
final Runnable task;
final T result;
RunnableAdapter(Runnable task, T result) {
this.task = task;
this.result = result;
}
public T call() {task.run();
return result;
}
}
总结上面的,newTaskFor
就是把我们提交的Runnable
对象包装成了一个Future
。
接下来就是会把任务提交到队列中给线程池调度处理:
public void execute(Runnable command) {if (command == null)
throw new NullPointerException();
int c = ctl.get();
if (workerCountOf(c) < corePoolSize) {if (addWorker(command, true))
return;
c = ctl.get();}
if (isRunning(c) && workQueue.offer(command)) {int recheck = ctl.get();
if (! isRunning(recheck) && remove(command))
reject(command);
else if (workerCountOf(recheck) == 0)
addWorker(null, false);
}
else if (!addWorker(command, false))
reject(command);
}
因为主要关心的是这个线程怎么执行,异常的抛出和处理,所以我们暂时不解析多余的逻辑。很容易发现,如果任务要被执行,肯定是进到了 addWorker
方法当中,所以我们再进去看,鉴于 addWorker
方法的很长,不想列太多的代码,我就摘了关键代码段:
private boolean addWorker(Runnable firstTask, boolean core) {
...
boolean workerStarted = false;
boolean workerAdded = false;
Worker w = null;
try {
// 实例化一个 worker 对象
w = new Worker(firstTask);
final Thread t = w.thread;
if (t != null) {
final ReentrantLock mainLock = this.mainLock;
mainLock.lock();
try {int rs = runStateOf(ctl.get());
if (rs < SHUTDOWN ||
(rs == SHUTDOWN && firstTask == null)) {if (t.isAlive()) // precheck that t is startable
throw new IllegalThreadStateException();
workers.add(w);
int s = workers.size();
if (s > largestPoolSize)
largestPoolSize = s;
workerAdded = true;
}
} finally {mainLock.unlock();
}
if (workerAdded) {
// 从 Worker 对象的构造方法看,当这个 thread 对象 start 之后,// 之后实际上就是调用 Worker 对象的 run()
t.start();
workerStarted = true;
}
}
} finally {if (! workerStarted)
addWorkerFailed(w);
}
return workerStarted;
}
// Worker 的构造方法
Worker(Runnable firstTask) {setState(-1); // inhibit interrupts until runWorker
this.firstTask = firstTask;
this.thread = getThreadFactory().newThread(this);
}
我们再看这个 ThreadPoolExecutor
的内部类 Worker
对象:
private final class Worker
extends AbstractQueuedSynchronizer
implements Runnable
{
...
/** Delegates main run loop to outer runWorker */
public void run() {runWorker(this);
}
...
}
看来真正执行任务的是在这个外部的 runWorker
当中,让我们再看看这个方法是怎么消费 Worker
线程的。
final void runWorker(Worker w) {Thread wt = Thread.currentThread();
Runnable task = w.firstTask;
w.firstTask = null;
w.unlock(); // allow interrupts
boolean completedAbruptly = true;
try {while (task != null || (task = getTask()) != null) {w.lock();
if ((runStateAtLeast(ctl.get(), STOP) ||
(Thread.interrupted() &&
runStateAtLeast(ctl.get(), STOP))) &&
!wt.isInterrupted())
wt.interrupt();
try {beforeExecute(wt, task);
Throwable thrown = null;
// ==== 关键代码 start ====
try {
// 很简洁明了,调用了任务的 run 方法
task.run();} catch (RuntimeException x) {thrown = x; throw x;} catch (Error x) {thrown = x; throw x;} catch (Throwable x) {thrown = x; throw new Error(x);
} finally {afterExecute(task, thrown);
}
// ==== 关键代码 end ====
} finally {
task = null;
w.completedTasks++;
w.unlock();}
}
completedAbruptly = false;
} finally {processWorkerExit(w, completedAbruptly);
}
}
终于走到底了,可以看到关键代码中的 try-catch block 代码块中,调用了本次执行任务的 run
方法。
// ==== 关键代码 start ====
try {
// 很简洁明了,调用了任务的 run 方法
task.run();} catch (RuntimeException x) {thrown = x; throw x;} catch (Error x) {thrown = x; throw x;} catch (Throwable x) {thrown = x; throw new Error(x);
} finally {afterExecute(task, thrown);
}
// ==== 关键代码 end ====
可以看到捕捉了异常之后,会再向外抛出,只不过再 finally block 中有个 afterExecute()
方法,似乎在这里是可以处理这个异常信息的,进去看看
protected void afterExecute(Runnable r, Throwable t) {}
可以看到 ThreadPoolExecutor#afterExecute()
方法中,是什么都没做的,看来是让使用者通过 override 这个方法来定制化任务执行之后的逻辑,其中可以包括异常处理。
那么这个异常到底是抛到哪里去了呢。我在一个大佬的文章找到了 hotSpot JVM 处理线程异常的逻辑,
if (!destroy_vm || JDK_Version::is_jdk12x_version()) {
// JSR-166: change call from from ThreadGroup.uncaughtException to
// java.lang.Thread.dispatchUncaughtException
if (uncaught_exception.not_null()) {
// 如果有未捕获的异常
Handle group(this, java_lang_Thread::threadGroup(threadObj()));
{KlassHandle recvrKlass(THREAD, threadObj->klass());
CallInfo callinfo;
KlassHandle thread_klass(THREAD, SystemDictionary::Thread_klass());
/*
这里类似一个方法表,实际就会去调用 Thread#dispatchUncaughtException 方法
template(dispatchUncaughtException_name, "dispatchUncaughtException")
*/
LinkResolver::resolve_virtual_call(callinfo, threadObj, recvrKlass, thread_klass,
vmSymbols::dispatchUncaughtException_name(),
vmSymbols::throwable_void_signature(),
KlassHandle(), false, false, THREAD);
CLEAR_PENDING_EXCEPTION;
methodHandle method = callinfo.selected_method();
if (method.not_null()) {JavaValue result(T_VOID);
JavaCalls::call_virtual(&result,
threadObj, thread_klass,
vmSymbols::dispatchUncaughtException_name(),
vmSymbols::throwable_void_signature(),
uncaught_exception,
THREAD);
} else {KlassHandle thread_group(THREAD, SystemDictionary::ThreadGroup_klass());
JavaValue result(T_VOID);
JavaCalls::call_virtual(&result,
group, thread_group,
vmSymbols::uncaughtException_name(),
vmSymbols::thread_throwable_void_signature(),
threadObj, // Arg 1
uncaught_exception, // Arg 2
THREAD);
}
if (HAS_PENDING_EXCEPTION) {ResourceMark rm(this);
jio_fprintf(defaultStream::error_stream(),
"\nException: %s thrown from the UncaughtExceptionHandler"
"in thread \"%s\"\n",
pending_exception()->klass()->external_name(),
get_thread_name());
CLEAR_PENDING_EXCEPTION;
}
}
}
代码是 C 写的,有兴趣可以去全文,根据英文注释能稍微看懂一点
http://hg.openjdk.java.net/jd…
可以看到这里最终会去调用 Thread#dispatchUncaughtException
方法:
/**
* Dispatch an uncaught exception to the handler. This method is
* intended to be called only by the JVM.
*/
private void dispatchUncaughtException(Throwable e) {getUncaughtExceptionHandler().uncaughtException(this, e);
}
/**
* Called by the Java Virtual Machine when a thread in this
* thread group stops because of an uncaught exception, and the thread
* does not have a specific {@link Thread.UncaughtExceptionHandler}
* installed.
*
*/
public void uncaughtException(Thread t, Throwable e) {if (parent != null) {parent.uncaughtException(t, e);
} else {
Thread.UncaughtExceptionHandler ueh =
Thread.getDefaultUncaughtExceptionHandler();
if (ueh != null) {ueh.uncaughtException(t, e);
} else if (!(e instanceof ThreadDeath)) {
// 可以看到会打到 System.err 里面
System.err.print("Exception in thread \""
+ t.getName() + "\" ");
e.printStackTrace(System.err);
}
}
}
jdk 的注释也说明的很清楚了,当一个线程抛出了一个未捕获的异常,JVM 会去调用这个方法。如果当前线程没有声明 UncaughtExceptionHandler
成员变量并且重写 uncaughtException
方法的时候,就会看线程所属的线程组(如果有线程组的话)有没有这个类,没有就会打到 System.err
里面。
IBM 这篇文章也提倡我们使用ThreadGroup
提供的 uncaughtException
处理程序来在线程异常终止时进行检测。
https://www.ibm.com/developer…
总结(解决方法)
从上述源码分析中可以看到,对于本篇的异常“被吃掉”的问题,有以下几种方法
- 用 try-catch 捕捉,一般都是用这种
-
线程或者线程组对象设置 UncaughtExceptionHandler 成员变量
Thread t = new Thread(r); t.setUncaughtExceptionHandler((t1, e) -> LOGGER.error(t1 + "throws exception:" + e)); return t;
- override 线程池的
afterExecute
方法。
本篇虽然是提出问题的解决方法,但主旨还是分析源码,了解了整个过程中异常的经过的流程,希望能对您产生帮助。
参考
- https://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/de…
- https://www.ibm.com/developer…
- http://ifeve.com/%E6%B7%B1%E5…