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前言
最近有同学问到在 Ubuntu 下如何编译装置 PostgreSQL。这次内容就来说一下如何在 Ubuntu 操作系统中装置 PostgreSQL 数据库。那么，装置 PostgreSQL 对于 DBA 来说是再简略不过的事儿了，咱们晓得 PostgreSQL 在 Redhat 家族零碎中有三种装置形式，别离是源码装置，rpm 形式装置和 yum 形式装置，当然，rpm 装置和 yum 装置能够当做是同类型的装置，除此之外，就是应用曾经编译好的二进制装置。那么对于 Ubuntu 操作系统来说，除了一键化应用 apt-get install 来装置和 redhat 家族装置不同以外，源码装置和二进制装置都一样。但如果应用源码装置，须要解决一些依赖。本文就是在最新版本的 Ubuntu 服务器操作系统上装置 PostgreSQL。
NOTE: 以后 Ubuntu 操作系统上曾经集成了最新的 PostgreSQL 安装包，版本为 12.9 版本
一、应用 apt-get 装置
apt-get 命令为 Ubuntu 系统管理软件的命令，利用该命令能够治理，移除，清空，查看等在 Ubuntu 上装置的软件。
1. 操作系统版本
操作系统为 Ubuntu 20.04.3 服务器操作系统
root@developer:~# lsb_release -a
No LSB modules are available.
Distributor ID:Ubuntu
Description:Ubuntu 20.04.3 LTS
Release:20.04
Codename:focal2. 查看 Ubuntu 上可用的 PostgreSQL 包
通过 apt list 能够列出 PostgreSQL 相干的软件包
root@developer:~# apt list | grep -w postgresql-12 | tail -1
WARNING: apt does not have a stable CLI interface. Use with caution in scripts.
postgresql-12/focal-updates,focal-security 12.9-0ubuntu0.20.04.1 amd643. 执行装置
postgresql-12/focal-updates,focal-security 12.9-0ubuntu0.20.04.1 amd64
root@developer:~# apt-get install postgresql-12 -y
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required:
libpython2.7 libpython2.7-dev libpython2.7-minimal libpython2.7-stdlib
Use 'apt autoremove' to remove them.
The following NEW packages will be installed:
postgresql-12
0 upgraded, 1 newly installed, 0 to remove and 10 not upgraded.
Need to get 0 B/13.5 MB of archives.
After this operation, 41.1 MB of additional disk space will be used.
Preconfiguring packages ...
Selecting previously unselected package postgresql-12.
(Reading database ... 158185 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../postgresql-12_12.9-0ubuntu0.20.04.1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking postgresql-12 (12.9-0ubuntu0.20.04.1) ...
Setting up postgresql-12 (12.9-0ubuntu0.20.04.1) ...
Creating new PostgreSQL cluster 12/main ...
/usr/lib/postgresql/12/bin/initdb -D /var/lib/postgresql/12/main --auth-local peer --auth-host md5
The files belonging to this database system will be owned by user "postgres".
This user must also own the server process.
The database cluster will be initialized with locale "en_US.UTF-8".
The default database encoding has accordingly been set to "UTF8".
The default text search configuration will be set to "english".
Data page checksums are disabled.
fixing permissions on existing directory /var/lib/postgresql/12/main ... ok
creating subdirectories ... ok
selecting dynamic shared memory implementation ... posix
selecting default max_connections ... 100
selecting default shared_buffers ... 128MB
selecting default time zone ... Etc/UTC
creating configuration files ... ok
running bootstrap script ... ok
performing post-bootstrap initialization ... ok
syncing data to disk ... ok
Success. You can now start the database server using:
pg_ctlcluster 12 main start
Ver Cluster Port Status Owner Data directory Log file
12 main 5432 down postgres /var/lib/postgresql/12/main /var/log/postgresql/postgresql-12-main.log
update-alternatives: using /usr/share/postgresql/12/man/man1/postmaster.1.gz to provide /usr/share/man/man1/postmaster.1.gz (postmaster.1.gz) in auto mode
Processing triggers for postgresql-common (214ubuntu0.1) ...
Building PostgreSQL dictionaries from installed myspell/hunspell packages...
en_us
Removing obsolete dictionary files:4. 依据下面输入，启动 PostgreSQL 数据库集簇
root@developer:~# pg_ctlcluster 12 main start这里须要留神一下的是，Ubuntu 版本中自带的 PostgreSQL 数据库版本对于数据库集簇治理命令封装为 pg_ctlcluster 命令。因而，该命令能够执行和 pg_ctl 相似的一些动作，如启动、进行、重启、加载等。
5. 查看过程
root@developer:~# ps -ef |grep postgres
postgres 69578 1 0 07:54 ? 00:00:00 /usr/lib/postgresql/12/bin/postgres -D /var/lib/postgresql/12/main -c config_file=/etc/postgresql/12/main/postgresql.conf
postgres 69580 69578 0 07:54 ? 00:00:00 postgres: 12/main: checkpointer
postgres 69581 69578 0 07:54 ? 00:00:00 postgres: 12/main: background writer
postgres 69582 69578 0 07:54 ? 00:00:00 postgres: 12/main: walwriter
postgres 69583 69578 0 07:54 ? 00:00:00 postgres: 12/main: autovacuum launcher
postgres 69584 69578 0 07:54 ? 00:00:00 postgres: 12/main: stats collector
postgres 69585 69578 0 07:54 ? 00:00:00 postgres: 12/main: logical replication launcher6. 查看端口
root@developer:~# netstat -anlp | grep 5432
tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:5432 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 69578/postgres
unix 2 [ACC] STREAM LISTENING 246072 69578/postgres /var/run/postgresql/.s.PGSQL.54327. 登录数据库
root@developer:~# psql -U postgres -d postgres -p 5432
psql: error: FATAL: Peer authentication failed for user "postgres"这里在登录数据库的时候报对等认证谬误，那么咱们晓得连贯认证都是基于 pg_hba.conf 条目来配置的，因而该报错须要批改 pg_hba.conf 配置文件。
批改配置文件须要晓得应用 apt-get 将文件都散发到哪个目录才能够。在 Ubuntu 零碎中，通过 whereis 可找到软件装置在哪里，如下，PostgreSQL 软件装置的地位
root@developer:~# whereis -u postgresql
postgresql: /usr/lib/postgresql /etc/postgresql /usr/share/postgresql下面输入能够看到，软件都被装置到下面三个目录，当然，可执行程序被装置到 /usr/bin 目录下，如下
root@developer:~# cd /usr/bin/
root@developer:/usr/bin# ls -l pg*
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 37 Aug 24 2020 pg_archivecleanup -> ../share/postgresql-common/pg_wrapper
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 37 Aug 24 2020 pg_basebackup -> ../share/postgresql-common/pg_wrapper
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 37 Aug 24 2020 pgbench -> ../share/postgresql-common/pg_wrapper
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 9707 Aug 24 2020 pg_buildext
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1229 Aug 24 2020 pg_config
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 6262 Aug 24 2020 pg_conftool
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 34684 Aug 24 2020 pg_createcluster
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 23919 Aug 24 2020 pg_ctlcluster
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 7603 Aug 24 2020 pg_dropcluster
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 37 Aug 24 2020 pg_dump -> ../share/postgresql-common/pg_wrapper
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 37 Aug 24 2020 pg_dumpall -> ../share/postgresql-common/pg_wrapper
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 37 Aug 24 2020 pg_isready -> ../share/postgresql-common/pg_wrapper
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 5268 Aug 24 2020 pg_lsclusters
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 37 Aug 24 2020 pg_receivewal -> ../share/postgresql-common/pg_wrapper
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 37 Aug 24 2020 pg_receivexlog -> ../share/postgresql-common/pg_wrapper
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 37 Aug 24 2020 pg_recvlogical -> ../share/postgresql-common/pg_wrapper
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 5887 Aug 24 2020 pg_renamecluster
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 30968 Sep 9 12:59 pgrep
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 37 Aug 24 2020 pg_restore -> ../share/postgresql-common/pg_wrapper
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 33434 Aug 24 2020 pg_upgradecluster
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 7859 Aug 24 2020 pg_virtualenv批改 pg_hba.conf 文件通过 unix socket 认证形式为 trust
root@developer:~# cd /etc/postgresql/12/main/
root@developer:/etc/postgresql/12/main# vi pg_hba.conf
root@developer:/etc/postgresql/12/main# cat pg_hba.conf | grep trust
# METHOD can be "trust", "reject", "md5", "password", "scram-sha-256",
local all postgres trust再次尝试连贯，连贯前须要从新加载基于主机的配置文件
root@developer:~# pg_ctlcluster reload 12 main
root@developer:~# psql -U postgres -d postgres -p 5432
psql (12.9 (Ubuntu 12.9-0ubuntu0.20.04.1))
Type "help" for help.
postgres=# 能够看到数据库版本为 12.9 版本。
8. 应用系统命令治理数据库实例
postgresql.service 零碎守护文件和 redhat 家族零碎一样，仍然寄存在 /usr/lib/systemd/system 目录下
root@developer:/usr/lib/systemd/system# pwd
/usr/lib/systemd/system
root@developer:/usr/lib/systemd/system# ls postgresql.service
postgresql.service那么应用 apt-get 装置的 PostgreSQL 数据库也能够应用 systemctl 命令进行治理和保护
二、应用源码编译装置
1. 上传安装包到 /opt/software 目录并解压
root@developer:~# cd /opt/software/
root@developer:/opt/software# ls
postgresql-13.5.tar.bz2
root@developer:/opt/software# tar -jxf postgresql-13.5.tar.bz2
root@developer:/opt/software# ls
postgresql-13.5 postgresql-13.5.tar.bz22. 装置必要的依赖
apt-get install -y systemtap-sdt-dev
apt-get install -y libicu-dev
apt-get install -y libreadline-dev
apt-get install -y zlib1g-dev
apt-get install -y libssl-dev
apt-get install -y libpam-dev
apt-get install -y libxml2-dev
apt-get install -y libxslt-dev
apt-get install -y libldap-dev
apt-get install -y libsystemd-dev
apt-get install -y getext
apt-get install -y tcl-dev
apt-get install -y libpython3-dev
apt-get install -y libperl-dev3. 切换到数据库软件解压目录，并执行编译前配置
切换目录
root@developer:~# cd /opt/software/postgresql-13.5/
root@developer:/opt/software/postgresql-13.5# 执行编译前查看
export PREFIX="/usr/local/pg13"
export PGPORT=10000
./configure \
--prefix=${PREFIX} \
--exec-prefix=${PREFIX}/pgsql \
--bindir=${PREFIX}/pgsql/bin \
--sysconfdir=${PREFIX}/etc \
--libdir=${PREFIX}/pgsql/lib \
--includedir=${PREFIX}/include \
--datarootdir=${PREFIX}/share \
--localedir=${PREFIX}/locale \
--mandir=${PREFIX}/locale/man \
--docdir=${PREFIX}/locale/doc \
--htmldir=${PREFIX}/locale/html \
--enable-nls='en_US zh_CN' \
--with-perl \
--with-python \
--with-tcl \
--with-icu \
--with-openssl \
--with-ldap \
--with-pam \
--with-systemd \
--with-libxml \
--with-libxslt \
--with-readline \
--with-zlib \
--with-pgport=${PGPORT}4. 执行编译和装置命令
root@developer:/opt/software/postgresql-13.5# make world -j8 && make install-world -j8编译装置的地位如下：
root@developer:/usr/local/pg13# pwd
/usr/local/pg13
root@developer:/usr/local/pg13# ls
include locale pgsql share5. 创立操作系统用户和数据库集簇寄存目录
创立 postgres 用户
root@developer:~# useradd -u 2000 -c "PostgreSQL db user" -b /home -m -k /etc/skel -s /bin/bash postgres
root@developer:~# passwd postgres
New password:
Retype new password:
passwd: password updated successfully创立数据库集簇寄存目录 /data/pg13/pgdata
root@developer:~# mkdir -p /data/pg13/pgdata受权
root@developer:~# chown postgres.postgres -R /data6. 切换到 postgres 用户配置环境变量
root@developer:~# su - postgres
postgres@developer:~$ vi .bashrc
postgres@developer:~$ tail -4 .bashrc
export PGHOME=/usr/local/pg13
export PGDATA=/data/pg13/pgdata
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=${PGHOME}/pgsql/lib:${LD_LIBRARY_PATH}
export PATH=${PGHOME}/pgsql/bin:${PATH}
postgres@developer:~$ . .bashrc7. 初始化数据库集簇
postgres@developer:~$ initdb -D $PGDATA -k
The files belonging to this database system will be owned by user "postgres".
This user must also own the server process.
The database cluster will be initialized with locale "en_US.UTF-8".
The default database encoding has accordingly been set to "UTF8".
The default text search configuration will be set to "english".
Data page checksums are enabled.
fixing permissions on existing directory /data/pg13/pgdata ... ok
creating subdirectories ... ok
selecting dynamic shared memory implementation ... posix
selecting default max_connections ... 100
selecting default shared_buffers ... 128MB
selecting default time zone ... Etc/UTC
creating configuration files ... ok
running bootstrap script ... ok
performing post-bootstrap initialization ... ok
syncing data to disk ... ok
initdb: warning: enabling "trust" authentication for local connections
You can change this by editing pg_hba.conf or using the option -A, or
--auth-local and --auth-host, the next time you run initdb.
Success. You can now start the database server using:
pg_ctl -D /data/pg13/pgdata -l logfile start8. 启动数据库
postgres@developer:~$ pg_ctl start -D $PGDATA -l /tmp/logfile
waiting for server to start.... done
server started9. 登录数据库
postgres@developer:~$ psql -d postgres
psql (13.5)
Type "help" for help.
postgres=# select version();
version
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PostgreSQL 13.5 on x86_64-pc-linux-gnu, compiled by gcc (Ubuntu 9.3.0-17ubuntu1~20.04) 9.3.0, 64-bit
(1 row)总结
下面两种形式为 PostgreSQL 在 Ubuntu 操作系统下的装置。须要留神的是 Ubuntu 零碎中，应用 apt-get 装置的 PostgreSQL 是基于发行 PostgreSQL 的二次封装软件。因而命令和源码编译装置的会有所区别。如集簇的启动，数据库参数的批改，数据库的删除和创立，用户的创立和删除等等。
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