关于前端:写给前端程序员的英文学习指南

前言

我是如何度过这 8 天呢？

下图展现的就是这 8 天过的状况（沸点）：

达达前端技术社群：囊括前端 Vue、JavaScript、数据结构与算法、实战演练、Node 全栈一线技术，紧跟业界倒退步调，一个酷爱前端的达达程序员。以下写给程序员的英文学习指南，每天看一遍。

名词

名词：用来示意人，事物，地点，工夫，事件以及抽象概念等名称的词。

名词的分类：一般名词（可数名词：个体名词，个体名词，不可数名词：物质名词，抽象名词），专有名称。

• 个体名词：university大学,worker工人,customer顾客,program节目。
• 个体名词：audience听众,crew整体船员,family家庭,plice警察,staff整体员工。
• 物质名词：air空气,water水,coffee咖啡,meat肉,milk牛奶,paper纸,wool羊毛,ink墨水。
• 抽象名词：childhood童年,confidence信念,patience急躁,pride骄傲,strength力量,wealth财产。
• 专有名词：Beijing北京,Chinese中国人,Tuesday星期二,April四月。

可数名词的复数变动

有规定的复数模式

1. 个别在名词后加 -s, 如kite-kites 风筝,dog-dogs狗,pea-peas豌豆。
2. 以 -s,-sh,-ch,-x 等结尾的名词加-es：bus-buses 公交车,class-classes班级。
3. 以“辅音字母 +o”结尾的名词（少数状况下）加 -es/ 以元音字母 + o 结尾的名词个别加-s：potato-potatoes 土豆，tomato-tomatoes西红柿，radio-radios收音机,zoo-zoos动物园,photo-photos照片,kilo-kilos公斤,cargo-cargos,cargoes货物，motto-mottos,mottes箴言,zero-zeros,zeroes零，mosquito-mosquitos,mosquitoes蚊子。
4. 以 -f 或-fe结尾的名词大多数把 f 或fe改为 v 再加 -es：knife-knives 刀子，leaf-leaves树叶,life-lives生命,roof-roofs屋顶，cliff-cliffs悬崖,belief-beliefs信奉,scarf-scarfs,scarves围巾。
5. 以辅音字母 +y结尾的词，变 y 为 i 再加 -es 以元音字母 + y 结尾的词或以 y 结尾的专有名词变复数时间接加 -s：baby-babies 婴儿，city-cities城市,factory-factories工厂，study-studies书房;day-days日子,boy-boys男孩儿,toy-toys玩具。

不规则复数模式

1. 单复数同形,deer-deer, sheep-sheep, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese
2. 变元音字母,man-men, woman-women, Englishman-Englishmen, tooth-teeth, foot-feet, German-Germans
3. 其余,child-children, phenomenon-phenomena

名词的所有格

's所有格

1. 个别状况下在名词词尾加 's:James's study 詹姆斯的书房,John's sister约翰的姐姐
2. 以 -s 或-es结尾的复数名词，间接在其后加 "'":my parents's hometown 我父母的故土
3. 不以 -s 结尾的复数名词，间接在其后加 's:the children's books 孩子们的书
4. 复合名词在词尾加 's：somebody else's umbrella 他人的雨伞

非凡模式

1. neza's and dada's parents 哪吒的父母和达达的父母
2. neza and dada's parents 哪吒和达达的父母

of所有格

1. 一般来说，无生命的名词罕用 of 所有格
2. of所有格有时也用于示意人和其余有生命的名词
3. 地名，交通工具名以及与人的流动无关的无生命名词可用 of 所有格，也可用 's 所有格

The windows of the house face the sea.
That's the opinion of dada, not mine.
the girl's name / the name of the girl

名词的修饰词

1. 可数名词的修饰词：few, a few, many, a number of, a great many, hundreds of
2. 不可数名词的修饰词：little, a little, much, a great deal of, a large amount of, a bit of
3. 既可润饰可数名词也可润饰不可数名词的词：some, any, a lot of, plenty of, masses of, enough, all
4. 润饰物质名词的容量词或单位词：a cup of, a piece of news, a bag of rice

冠词

冠词是实词，是名词的一种标记。a, an称为不定冠词，the称为定冠词。

不定冠词的用法

I have a beautiful backpack.

My mother is a worker.

A comrade is waiting for you outside.

a third

Take the medicine twice a day.

It's a wonderful coffee.

She is a disappointment to us.

a lot, a pair of, a glass of, have a good time, in a hurry, as a matter of fact, take a walk, at a time, a little, a few

定冠词的用法

The book in the desk is mine.

I saw a film last night. The film ended at 10p.m.

How do you like the film?

The earth turns round the sun.

He is the first one to come.

The city lies in the west of the country.

She is the most careful girl in class.

The Whites are kind to me.

I can play the piano.

The dog is an animal.

the Yellow River.

The wounded were brought to the hospital.

in the morning, on the right, at the age of, at the same time

零冠词的用法

We are studying English.

Is that her book?

Summer is coming.

They are teachers.

When do you have lunch?

Football is very popular all over the world.

动词

动词，依据动词的句法性能能够将动词分：限定动词和非限定动词，依据意义可分：状态动词和动作动词。

依据句法性能

1. 限定动词，被动词：及物动词（ask,buy,find,say），不及物动词(arise,fall,die,arrive)，连系动词(be, become, get, turn, look, seem, sound, feel, taste, smell, appear)，助动词：（be, do, have, shall, will），情态动词：（can, could, may, might, shall, will, should, must）。
2. 非限定动词：to+v，to walk, to talk, to work, to smile；v-ing，talking, walking, working, smiling；v-ed，walked,talked,worked,smiled。

依据词汇意义

1. 状态动词:like, dislike, think, guess状态词；stand, lie, sit仪态词
2. 动作动词：sit,stand,work, walk,learn,keep持续性动词,finish,join,leave,come,go,die终止性动词

动词有五种根本模式，动词原形，个别当初时第三人称复数，过来式，过去分词，当初分词。

ask, asks, asked, asked, asking

study, studies, studied, studied, studying

stop stops stopped stopped stopping

1. 个别当初时第三人称复数：个别动词加 -s；以/s/f/tf/ 音素结尾和以字母 -o 结尾的动词，加 -es；以辅音字母 +y 结尾的动词，变 y 为i加-es

work works
read reads
wash washes
watch watches
do does
apply applies
carry carries

1. 当初分词形成: 个别状况下间接加 -ing; 以不发音的-e 结尾的动词，去掉 e 再加 -ing；已重读闭音节结尾，且开端只有一个辅音字母的动词，要双写这个辅音字母再加ing; 多数以-ie 结尾的动词，先变 ie 为y，再加 -ing，以-oe,-ee,-ye 结尾的动词，间接加-ing。

ask asking, find finding, meet meeting

write writing, use using, ride riding

put putting, cut cutting, prefer preferring, refer referring

lie, die, tie -> lying dying tying

see seeing, agree agreeing

1. 规定动词过来式，过去分词的形成：个别状况加 -ed；以不发音的-e 结尾的动词，加 -d；以辅音字母 +y 结尾的动词，变 y 为 i, 再加-ed; 以重读闭音节结尾，且结尾只有一个辅音字母的动词，双写这个辅音字母后再加-ed。

ask asked asked
like liked
carry carried
plan planned

短语动词

1. 动词 + 介词：for, about, over, after, into, at, to, on, across, with

account for 解释，阐明 break into 强行闯入 call for 去接（人），须要

care for 喜爱；关照  care about 在乎 come across 偶尔碰到

deal with 解决；凑合 get over 克服 laugh at 讥笑

look after 关照 look into 考察 look for 寻找

run into 撞到; 偶尔遇上 stand for 代表 stick to 保持

wait for 等待 wait on 服侍

1. 动词 + 副词：

break off 折断；停止 bring in 引进；赚取 bring up 抚养；提出；呕吐

call off 停止；叫停 carry out 执行 cut off 切断

find out 查明; 查出 get in 收割 give away 捐献

hold up 举起；妨碍  point out 指出；指明 put off 推延

put on 穿上；演出 put out 使燃烧 put up 举起；张贴

pick up 捡起；接某人 take off 腾飞 take up 举起；开始从事

tear up 撕碎 turn away 打发走 turn off 敞开

turn down 调小 turn in 上交 turn up 调大；呈现

1. 动词 + 名词

lose heart 灰心 lose patience 失去急躁 lose weight 减肥

make sense 讲得通 make the bed 整顿床铺 make a bet 打赌

make a bow 鞠躬 make faces 扮鬼脸 take action 采取行动

take aim 瞄准 take breath 歇口气 take care 当心

take charge 照管 take one's time 慢慢来 take effect 失效

take exercise 做静止 take place 产生 take power 获得政权

take office 就任

1. 动词 + 副词 + 介词

come up with 提出 get away from 逃离 get along with 停顿

get down to 开始认真做 go in for 喜爱 hold on to 抓住

keep away from 远离 keep up with 跟上 live up to 不辜负

look down upon/on 藐视 look forward to 期盼 look about for 到处寻找

look out of 从... 往外看 make up for 补救 put up with 容忍

settle down to 开始做某事 run out of 用光

1. 动词 + 介词 + 名词

• 动词后须要带宾语类

bring... to an end 使... 完结
bring... under control 使... 在掌控下
keep... in mind 牢记
keep... in touch 使保持联系
bear... in mind 牢记
put... at ease 使... 放松
put... into effect 使... 失效
learn... by heart 背熟
know... by heart 熟记
set... on fire 点火烧
take... into account 把... 思考在内
take... into consideration 把... 思考在内

• 动词后不能带宾语类

burst into tears 忽然大哭起来
come into being 造成
come into power 执政
come into use 开始被使用
come into effect 失效
go to bed 上床睡觉

• 动词 + 名词 + 介词

make contributions to 对... 做出奉献
make friends with 与... 交朋友
make fun of 取笑
make peace with 讲和
make progress in 在... 获得提高
make room for 为... 腾出空间
make sense of 了解，弄懂
make use of 利用
take account of 思考
take advantage of 利用
take care of 关照
take charge of 负责, 照管
take delight in 以... 为乐
take hold of 握住
take notice of 留神到
take part in 加入
take pride in 为... 感到骄傲

动词时态

1. 个别当初时：

• 示意现阶段经常性，习惯性的动作或状态：usually,often,always,sometimes,every day,once a week等工夫状态连用。Father always reads newspapers after supper
• 示意客观真理，迷信事实以及格言，警句：The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.太阳东升西落。
• 示意非常确定会产生或依照时间表进行的事件，用个别当初时能够示意未来，句子中能够有未来工夫，通常限于示意“静止”的短暂性动词。The train leaves at 8:00 in the morning
• 在工夫状语从句中和条件状语从句中，用个别当初时代替个别未来时，句子能够示意未来。Please ring me up as soon as you arrive in Beijing
• 个别当初时用于倒装句中能够示意正在产生的动作。Here comes the bus
• 人的心理流动和感官动作个别用个别当初时而不必当初进行时示意：I hope you have a good trip

1. 当初进行时:

• 构造为“助动词 be(am/is/are)+ 当初分词”，示意当初正在进行的动作。It's raining outside
• 示意现阶段正产生而此刻不肯定在进行的动作：He is writing a novel these days
• 示意行将产生的动作，个别指近期安顿好的事件，常见的动词有：I'm leaving early tomorrow morning
• 示意频繁产生或重复进行的动作，He is always losing keys
• 以下动词通常不用于进行时：短暂性动词，感官动词，主观志愿动词，存在动词，占有与隶属动词，认知动词。

1. 个别未来时：

• 构造为“助动词 will/shall+ 动词原形”，示意未来某一时刻的动作或状态。I will leave for Canada tomorrow
• 当初进行时有时与某些霎时动作的动词连用可示意按计划，安顿将要产生的动作。I'm meeting Tom at the train station this afternoon
• 既定的工夫如生日，日历，课时安顿，交通时刻表等通常用个别当初时示意未来的动作。The plane takes off at 4:00 p.m.
• “am/is/are going to + 动词原形 ” 示意打算或筹备要做的事件，或者主观判断行将要产生的事件，而“am/is/are to + 动词原形”示意安顿或打算中的动作。He is to get married next year
• “be about to do” 示意马上就要产生的事，个别不与具体的工夫状语连用。The film is about to start

1. 当初实现时：

• 构造为助动词 have/has + 动词的过去分词，示意一个产生在过来的，对当初仍有影响的动作。I have never seen such fine pictures before
• 示意在过来开始始终连续到当初的动作或状态。I have been away from my hometown for thirty years

1. 当初实现进行时：

I have been working in the company for one year.

1. 个别过来时：

• 示意过来产生的事或存在的状态

He came here in 2009

• 示意过来一个阶段中常常产生，重复产生的事件

He never drank coffee.

1. 过来进行时：

• 构造为“was/were+ 当初分词”，示意过来某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。

He was watching TV this time yesterday.

• 示意从过去某一时间看将要产生的动作，常示意过来“慢慢”“快要”“马上”等。

We were running out of rice.

• 示意过来一个阶段频繁产生或重复进行的动作

He was always helping others when he lived here.

1. 过来实现时：

• 构造为助动词 had + 动词的过去分词，示意过来某一时间或某一动作产生之前曾经实现的动作，即过来实现时所示意的工夫是“过来的过来”。I had just finished half of the work by yesterday
• 示意过来未曾实现的欲望，打算或用意: I had hoped to be back last night, but I didn't catch the bus

1. 过来未来时

• 构造为助动词 should(第一人称)或 would(第二，第三人称)+ 动词原形，示意在过来预计将要产生的动作或存在的状态。He was seventy-eight and in two years, he would be eighty
• 示意纯正的未来时用 would 或should，示意打算或主观认为的事件用 was/were going to + 动词原形.You were going to give me your telephone number, but you didn't
• 示意一个过来经常性的动作：When it rained in the day, he would bring an umbrella with him

1. 未来进行时

• 构造为助动词 will/shall+be+ 当初分词，通常和某一时刻连用，示意未来某一时间正在进行的动作。This time tomorrow we will be flying to Beijing

1. 未来实现时

• 构造为 will/shall+have+ 过去分词，示意到未来某个工夫行将实现的动作，常跟由 be,when,before 等疏导的工夫状语连用。The project will have been completed before the end of the year

1. 未来实现进行时

• 构造为will/shall+have been+ 当初分词，示意一个间断的或经常性的动作到未来某个工夫实现时还将持续进行。By the end of the month he will have been working here for ten years

情态动词

1. can/could

能，会，表能力，She can dance

有时会 My hometown can be very cold.

表揣测，往往用于否定句或疑问句中 The man can't be Mr.Da - he's gone to Beijing.

示意申请和容许，Can/Could I have a look at your new design?

表惊异，狐疑，，不置信的态度 How can you believe him?

1. may/minght

示意容许，许可：May I listen to music while doing homework? No, you mustn't

示意申请容许时，might 比 may 的语气更婉转些。May/Might I trouble you to pass me the book?

示意可能性的揣测。might 比 may 的语气显得更加不必定。I must go home at once. Mary might visit me

1. will/would

示意意志或志愿。will 当初 would 过来 I will tell you about it.

用于第二人称示意申请，倡议，用 would 比 will 婉转，客气。Would you come this way, please?

示意习惯性动作，惯于，I would swim in the lake after school.

示意法则的“注定会”用 will, Man will die without air.

1. need示意须要必要。做情态动词，仅用于否定句和疑问句。Need I go now? Yes, you must
2. dare 示意敢，敢于。做情态动词，次要用于疑问句，否定句，和条件从句中，个别不用于肯定句中。Dare he tell them what he knows?
3. must

示意必须，必要，语气比 should, ought to 强烈，其否定模式 mustn't 示意不准，不应该，禁止 Drivers mustn't drive after drinking 

Must I finish my homework before eight?

示意有把握的揣测，意为肯定，准是，用于肯定句：He must be watching TV

1. ought to

• 示意应该，同 should ; Humans ought to/should stop polluting nature
• 示意揣测，意为想必。He ought to get to France by now

1. shall

• 用于第一，第三人称疑问句中，示意谈话人征求对方的意见和向对方请示。Shall he go there with us tomorrow
• 用于示意揣测，意为可能，应该。He should pass the math exam.
• why/how+should 构造示意谈话人对某事不能了解，感到意外，惊异，意为竟会。Don't ask me.How should I know?

被动语态

动词的被动语态

1. 个别当初时（am/is/are+done）You are wanted on the phone.

2. 个别过来时（was/were+done）The library was built in 2000.

3. 个别未来时（will be + done）They will be invited to your birthday party.

4. 当初进行时（am/is/are being + done）The car is being repaired.

5. 当初实现时（have/has been + done）如：The work has been finished.

6. 过来未来时（would be + done）The worker said that the tree would be planted.

7. 过来进行时（was/were being + done）The door was being painted then.

8. 过来实现时（had been + done）He had a good rest after the work had been finished.

被动语态的根本用法

1. 当强调动作的承受者，将承受者作为谈话的核心时用被动语态。

This book was written by Lu Xun.

1. 当没有必要说出动作的执行者或基本不晓得动作的执行者是谁时罕用被动语态。

All the work has been finished by now.

1. 当动作的执行者不是人而是无生命的事物时罕用被动语态。

The window glass was broken by a stone.

4. 有时出于礼貌，不便提到动作的执行之，可用被动语态。

Enough has been done for you, but you've made little progress.

动词不定式

1. 做主语：

To see is to believe

It be 名词 to do

It takes sb. + some time + to do

It be 形容词 + for sb. + to do

It be 形容词 + of sb. + to do

It seems(appears) + 形容词 + to do

It seems necessary to make a plan for studying this course.

1. 做宾语：

1。跟动词不定式做宾语的动词有：afford,aim,appear,agree,arrange,ask,decide,bother,care,choose,
come,dare,demand,desire,determine,expect,endeavor,hope,fail,happen,help,hesitate,learn,long,mean,manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,seem,tend,wait,want,wish,undertake.

2。用疑问句 +to+ 动词原形构造做宾语的动词有：decide,know,consider,forget,learn,remember,show,understand,see,wonder,hear,find out,explain,tell 等.

Please show us how to do that.

3。当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时，先用模式宾语 it 代替不定式，把不定式置于补语之后。主语 + 动词 +it+ 补语 +to do 句式。We think it important for us to learn a foreign language well.

3. 做宾语补足语和主语补足语：

see,hear,look at,watch,notice,observe,feel

I heard she open the door.

get sb to do sth, leave sb to do sth 通常要加 to, 只有 have,let,make 等跟不带 to 的动词不定式做宾语补足语。You don't have to make Paul learn. He always works hard.

He was often heard to read Enghlish.

1. 做表语：

不定式可放在 be 动词或其余连系动词前面，做表语。The only thing to do is write to him.

1. 做定语：

1. 示意未来的动作：I have many letters to type.

2. 与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，如是不及物动词，则需加介词：Please give me some books to read.

3.In English study, we still have a long way to go.

1. 做目标状语：

To succeed, you must first of all believe in yourself.

1. 做后果状语：

so... as to...
such... as to...
enough...to... 
only to ...
too ... to...

The child is old enough to dress himself.

1. 做起因状语：

I'm sorry to hear that.

1. 不定式的被动模式和被动模式

The book is said to have been translated into many languages.

1. 不带 to 的不定式的几种状况

Why not go out for a walk?

She helped her mother to prepare for supper.

Last night I did nothing but watch TV.

Since she is angry, we had better leave her alone.

当初分词和动名词

当初分词和动名词的时态和语态

I found him lying on the ground.

Jack denied having broken the cup.

The bird missed being caught.

过去分词

1. 过去分词形成：eat-eaten,leave-left,go-gone,come-come
2. 做表语：I was amazed at the news
3. 做定语：used books,fallen leaves,cooked food
4. 做补语：I'll have my house painted tomorrow
5. 做状语：Asked about her telephone number, she didn't respond.
6. 独立主格构造：The test finished, we'll have our summer vacation

代词

this(这个) these(这些)
that(那个) those(那些)
both neither(二者都不) either 二者之一 one...the other 一个。。。另一个
many,much 许多 some, 一些 a few, a little 有一点儿 few, little 很少
who, whom, whose, waht, which

介词及介词短语

简略介词：about,above,across,at,in,on,from,for,beside,between,with

合成介词：nearby,into,within,without,throughout,outside,inside

短语介词: according to, instead of, in front of, because of, out of

双重介词：from behind, until after

工夫介词：in, on, at, till, until, since, before, after, during, over, by, throughout

表形式的介词：in, by, through, with, without

1. I live near my school
2. The boy with long hair is Jack
3. We are of the same age.
4. Make yourself at home

with+ 复合宾语

with + 名词 / 代词 + 形容词
with + 名词 / 代词 + 副词
with + 名词 / 代词 + 当初分词
with + 名词 / 代词 + 不定式
with + 名词 / 代词 + 过去分词
with + 名词 / 代词 + 介词短语
with + 名词 / 代词 + 名词

He just sat there with his mouth open.
He fell asleep with the light still on.
With so many people watching, she felt at a loss.
With nothing to do, he slept the whole day.
He stood for an instant with his hand raised.
The old man walked with a stick in his hand.
He died with his daughter yet a school girl.

1.marry 结婚，在表白 get/be+married(与。。。结婚)这个意义时介词要用 to，不必 with

2. 示意和... 雷同时，英语不必 with, 而用 as，示意... 和... 不同时，用 from。A is the same as B.
A is different from B.

3. 示意在。。。帮忙下，英语用 with, 不必 under。with the help of the teacher.

4. 示意在播送，电视，电话里时，英语用 on the radio/on TV/on the telephone

5. 示意孔，洞，窗户在墙上时，英语用 in 示意，但示意图像等在墙上时，用 on 示意。He made holes in the wall. 

介词与动词的罕用搭配

1. v + to

adjust to 适应
attend to 解决
agree to 同意
belong to 属于
come to 达到
drink to 为... 干杯
lead to 通向
occur to 想起

1. v + at

call at 拜访某地
laugh at 讥笑
shoot at 朝。。。射击
arrive at 达到
wonder at 对... 感到吃惊

1. v + in

believe in 信赖
bring in 引进
hand in 上交
break in 闯入
fill in 填充
involve in 波及

1. v + from

come from 来自
date from 始于
die from 死于
escape from 逃出
result from 起因于
suffer from 受苦

1. v + for

account for 阐明; 解释
stand for 象征
care for 在意
apply for 申请
long for 渴望
search for 搜查

形容词和副词的比较级和最高级

• 个别状况下间接加-er,-est:long-longer-longest
• 以字母 -e 结尾的加-r,-st:nice-nicer-nicest
• 以辅音字母 + y 结尾的，将 y 改为 i 加-er，-est，如happy-happier-happiest
• 以重读闭音节结尾的，双写结尾辅音字母加-er,-est:big-bigger-biggest
• 非凡模式：good/well-better-best many/much-more-most ill/bad-worse-worst little-less-least old-older-oldest far-farther-farthest
• 多音节的形容词，副词的比较级，最高级：比较级在形容词，副词后面加 more 最高级在形容词，副词后面加most:beautiful-more beautiful-most beautiful
• 形容词加 ly 变成的副词的比较级和最高级用 more 和most，如slowly-more slowly-most slowly
• 由动词的过去分词转化为成的形容词，用 more 和 most 示意比较级和最高级，如tired-more tired-most tired

形容词，副词比拟等级的用法

1. 示意 A 超过 B

• A+ 谓语 + 形容词比较级 +than+B
• A+ 谓语 + 副词比较级 +than+B

I'm older than her.

1. 示意 A 不迭 B

• A+ 谓语的否定式 + 形容词 / 副词比较级 +than+B
• A+ 谓语 +less+ 形容词 / 副词原级 +than+B
• A+ 谓语的否定式 +so(as)+ 形容词 / 副词原级 +as+B

He doesn't run faster than his sister.

1. 示意 A 和 B 水平雷同

• A+ 谓语 +as+ 形容词 / 副词原级 +as+B

He runs as fast as I

1. 其余比拟语句：

• the+ 比较级...the+ 比较级
• 比较级 +and+ 比较级（越来越...）
• the+ 比较级 +of the two+
• 非凡疑问句 +be+ 形容词比较级,A or B
• 非凡疑问句 + 实义动词 + 副词比较级，A or B

The more careful you are, the fewer mistakes you will make.

As summer is coming, the day is becoming longer and longer.

The taller of the two girls is my sister.

Which is more difficult, Lesson One or Lesson Three?

Who runs faster, da or dada?

1. 倍数比较级的几种句式

• A + 谓语 + 倍数 + the size
• A + 谓语 + 倍数 + as big as B
• A + 谓语 + 倍数 + 比较级 + than + B

The new teaching building is twice the size of the old one.

比拟等级的常见修饰语

1. 润饰原级：fairly, quite, rather, so, very, too 等。I am very lucky.

2. 润饰比拟等级：much,even,far,rather,still,any,no,a bit, a little, a great deal, a lot, by far 等

3. 润饰最高级：by far, almost, 序数词等。Tom works by far the best in his factory.

示意最高级意义的几种常见构造

1. the+ 最高级 +of/among/in

This is the oldest theatre in China.

1. be one of/among + the + 最高级 + 复数名词

Beijing is among the greatest cities in the world.

1. 比较级 +than+any other+ 名词

Tom is taller than any other student in his class.

1. 比较级 +than+(any of)+the other+ 名词（复数）

DA  works harder than (any of) the other students in his class.

1. 比较级+than+all other+ 名词

John does better than all other boys here.

1. 比较级+than+anyone+else

He is more interested in English than anyone else in his class.

1. 比较级 +than(+any of)+the others

She is younger than the others.

1. 在含有 never,nobody 或 no 的句子中应用“不定冠词 + 比较级”

I have never seen a better film.

虚拟语气

1. 与当初事实相同：

虚构条件句：If + 主语 + 动词的过来式（be 动词用 were）主句：主语 +should/would/could/might+ 动词原形

例句：If I had time, I would attend the party.

If I were you, I should try again.

1. 与过来事实相同

虚构条件句：If + 主语 + had + 过去分词

主句：主语 +should/would/could/might+have+ 过去分词

例句：If you had taken my advice, you would have passed the English exam.

1. 与未来事实相同

虚构条件句：If + 主语 + 动词的过来式
If + 主语 + were to + 动词原形
If + 主语 + should + 动词原形

主句：主语 +should/would/could/might+ 动词原形

例句：If you came tomorrow, we would meet again.

If it were to rain tomorrow, we would stay at home.

If he should not come tomorrow, we should put off the meeting till next Monday.

倒装和省略

1. 常见的齐全倒装：

come, go, rush, run 等不及物动词的句子里：in, out, up, down, away, off, over, next, such, back 等副词做的状语置于句首。Out rushed the students the moment the bell rang.

On the desk lie  piles of books.

1. 常见倒装句

Do you like jazz?

Only in this way can you solve this probeam.

Seldom do I go to work on foot.

I saw the film last week.So did she.
so/neither/nor 置于句首时，示意前者的状况也实用于后者或者具备两种状况

Were I you, I would do so.

So dark is the room that I can hardly see anything.

状语从句

1. 工夫状语从句

• 工夫状语从句从放在句首，句中，句尾
• 隶属连词 when,while,as 都可用来疏导工夫状语从句，象征当。。。的时候
• until/till 是指某一持续性行为继续到某一时间点
• 示意工夫的名词短语也可疏导状语从句
• 示意“一。。。就。。。”的工夫状语很多
• 在工夫状语从句中，用个别当初时代替个别未来时，个别过来时代替过来未来时

I'll let you know as soon as he arrives.

1. 地点状语从句

• 地点状语从句可置于句首，句中，或句尾
• Leave the book in the place where it is

1. 起因状语从句

• Since he has come, you needn't go

1. 比拟状语从句

• 同级比拟：as...as...
• 不同级比拟：not as/so... as...构造
• 差级或高级比拟：...than...构造，I can run faster than he
• 比拟递进关系的状语从句：the+ 比较级...,the+ 比较级...

The more you exercise, the healthier you will be.

1. 条件状语从句

• 条件状语从句可置于句首或句尾：Take an umbrella with you in case it rains.
• 在条件状语从句中，用个别当初时代替个别未来时，个别过来时代替过来未来时。

You'll fail the exam unless you study hard.

1. 目标状语从句

• 目标状语从句可置于句首，句中，句尾。

He got up early so that he could get there in time.

• 在目标状语从句中常含有情态动词
• 当主句和从句的主语统一时，目标状语从句能够与示意目标的不定式或介词短语转换。

1. 后果状语从句

• so + 形容词 / 副词 + that
• so many/few/much/little + 相应模式的名词 + that …
• so + 形容词 + a/an + 可数名词复数 + that…

such… that… 的用法：

• such+a/an+ 形容词 + 可数名词复数 +that…
• such+ 形容词 + 可数名词复数 +that…
• such+ 形容词 + 不可数名词 +that…

1. 退让状语从句

• 退让状语从句可置于句首，句中，句尾
• though/although

1. 形式状语从句

• 疏导句：as, as if, as though：When at Rome, do as the Romans do
• Look at the clouds in the sky and it looks as if/as though it is going to rain
• He speaks English as if he were an Englishman

名词性从句

1. 连接词：That he will come to visit us this afternoon is certain now
2. 连贯代词：What we should do next remains unknown.
3. 连贯副词：Why she did that wasn't clear她为什么那么做还不分明。

• It is + 形容词 + that 从句
• It is + 名词 +that 从句
• It + 不及物动词 + that 从句
• It is + 过去分词 + that 从句

连接词：主语从句里的连接词都可用于表语从句

• 主语 +be+that/wh- 从句
• 主语 + 连系动词 +that/as if

节日

1. New Year's Day 除夕(1 月 1 日）
2. New Year's Eve 元旦（农历腊月三十）
3. Spring Festival; Chinese New Year's Day 春节（农历正月初一）
4. Lantern Festival 元宵节（农历正月十五）
5. International Working Women's Day 国内劳动妇女节（3 月 8 日）
6. Arbor Day 植树节（3 月 12 日）
7. Tomb Sweeping Day; Pure Brightness Festival 清明节（4 月 4 日至 4 月 6 日中的一天）
8. International Labour Day 国内劳动节（5 月 1 日）
9. Youth Day 青年节（5 月 4 日）
10. Nurses' Day 护士节（5 月 12 日）
11. Dragon Boat Festival 端午节（农历五月初五）
12. International Children's Day 国内儿童节（6 月 1 日）
13. Army Day 建军节（9 月 10 日）
14. Mid-Autumn Festival 中秋节（农历八月十五）
15. Teachers' Day 教师节（9 月 10 日）
16. Double Ninth Festival 重阳节（农历九月初九）
17. National Day 国庆节（10 月 1 日）

句子

impact 影响 kidney 肾 juvenile 青少年 diabetes 糖尿病 donor 捐赠者 decline 降落

The chorus was singing The Ode to Joy.合唱队在演唱《欢乐颂》。

Customers and the public should be aware of that problem 客户和公众应该意识到这一问题。

The saint had a lowly heart. 圣人有谦诚之心。lowly 位置低的，不重要的，举足轻重的。

He came in search of wealth, status, and power. 他来寻找财产，名气和势力。status权威，位置。

in chorus 一起；一齐；同时。Thank you, they said in chorous

blushing and gazing 为当初分词作随同状语。

The children ran out of the room, laughing and talking happily 孩子们跑进屋，边笑边说，很是高兴。

blush脸红 to blush with embarrassment 难堪得脸颊绯红 gaze 凝视，盯着

She gazed at him in amazement 她惊异地凝视着他。

grin 露齿笑，咧嘴笑 He always had this grin 他总是这样咧嘴笑。

He started to applaud and the others joined in. 他开始鼓掌，其他人也跟着鼓起掌来。

loudly 大声地：She screamed as loudly as she could她声嘶力竭地尖叫着。

applause 鼓掌，欢呼 Give her a big round of applause! 为她热烈鼓掌！

a series of 一系列：The incident caused a whole series of events that nobody had expected 那一事件引发出一连串谁都没有料到的事。

accompany 随同，与。。。同时产生 He stepped up the stage accompanied by enthusiastic applause. 随同着热烈的掌声，他走向了舞台。

His wife accompanied him on the trip 那次旅行他由妻子陪同

The singer was accompanied on the piano by her sister 女歌手由她姐姐钢琴伴奏。

一种 … 的感觉 a sence of 一种 … 的感觉

Colors like red convey a sense of energy and strength 红色之类的色彩能够给人充满活力和力量的感觉。

Much to her embarrassment she realized that everybody had been listening to her singing她意识到大家始终在听她唱歌，感到很不好意思。

I didn't want to embarrass him by kissing him in front of his friends我并没想当着他的敌人吻他会使他感到难堪。

He felt embarrassed at being the center of attention 他因本人成为众人注目的核心而感到很难堪。

embarrassing令人难堪的。an embarrassing situation令人难堪的处境

不可避免地，必然地：inevitably：新闻界照例又夸张了这件事Inevitably,the press exaggerated the story

那是这个决定的必然结果。It was an inevitable consequence of the decision

善意的，善意的,well-meaning 他是一个很凶恶的领导者He is a well-meaning leader

特地的事件：occasion 要把每一顿饭都弄得特地一些。Turn every meal into a special occasion

He was nominated for the best actor award 他获得最佳演员奖提名。

on this occasion这次 I enjoy an occasional glass of wine.我喜爱偶然喝一杯红酒。

She was awarded the prize for both films 她的脸部电影双双获奖。

ambivalence矛盾情绪，很多人以矛盾的态度看待电视及其对生存的影响。Many people feel some ambivalence towards television and its effect on our lives.

矛盾情绪的ambivalent，她仿佛对新工作喜忧参半。She seems to feel ambivalent about her new job.

symbolize象征 He came to symbolize his country's struggle for independence 他逐步成为祖国为争取独立而奋斗的象征。

symbol象征：White has always been a symbol of purity in Western cultures在东方文化中，红色一贯象征纯净。

symbolic象征性的：The dove is symbolic of peace鸽子是战争的象征。

triumph战胜，战败，胜利：France triumphed 3-0 in the final

die of死于 … die from 死于 … It is a race against time to stop people dying from starvation为抢救那些行将饿死的人而争分夺秒。

She appeared to be in her late thirties看样子她快四十岁了。

We appear to be a good couple, but actually we are not咱们看上去仿佛是不错的一对，但事实上却不是。She appears sick她如同病了。

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