共计 10715 个字符,预计需要花费 27 分钟才能阅读完成。
俄罗斯方块
俄罗斯方块是由俄罗斯程序员 Alexey Pajitnov 在 1985 年设计和编程的。
在这个游戏中,咱们有七种不同的形态:S 形,Z 形,T 形,L 形,线形,镜面 L 形,和一个方形。每一个形态都是由四个小正方形组成的。这些形态都是从棋盘上掉下来的。俄罗斯方块游戏的目标是挪动和旋转这些形态,使它们尽可能地适宜。如果咱们胜利地造成一排,这一排就会被销毁,咱们就会得分。咱们玩俄罗斯方块游戏,直到咱们达到顶点。
<img src=”https://mymarkdowm.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/markdownimg/tetrominoes.png” alt=”Tetrominoes” style=”zoom:50%;” />
wxPython 是一个用于创立应用程序的工具包。还有一些其余的库比方 pygame 是针对创立电脑游戏的,但 wxPython 也能够用来创立游戏。
开发过程
咱们的俄罗斯方块游戏没有图像,咱们应用 wxPython 中提供的绘图 API 绘制俄罗斯方块。每一个电脑游戏的背地,都有一个数学模型。俄罗斯方块中也是如此。
游戏背地的一些根底想法。
- 用 wx.Timer 来创立一个游戏循环。
- 画出不同形态
- 形态以方块为单位挪动(而不是以像素为单位)。
- 在数学上,棋盘是一个简略的数字列表。
#tetris_game.py | |
import wx | |
import random | |
class Tetris(wx.Frame): | |
def __init__(self, parent): | |
wx.Frame.__init__(self, parent, size=(180, 380), | |
style=wx.DEFAULT_FRAME_STYLE ^ wx.RESIZE_BORDER ^ wx.MAXIMIZE_BOX) | |
self.initFrame() | |
def initFrame(self): | |
#状态栏 显示分数 | |
self.statusbar = self.CreateStatusBar() | |
self.statusbar.SetStatusText('0') | |
#主 board | |
self.board = Board(self) | |
self.board.SetFocus() | |
self.board.start() | |
self.SetTitle("俄罗斯方块") | |
self.Centre() | |
class Board(wx.Panel): | |
BoardWidth = 10 | |
BoardHeight = 22 | |
Speed = 300 | |
ID_TIMER = 1 | |
def __init__(self, *args, **kw): | |
super(Board, self).__init__(*args, **kw) | |
self.initBoard() | |
def initBoard(self): | |
self.timer = wx.Timer(self, Board.ID_TIMER) | |
self.isWaitingAfterLine = False | |
self.curPiece = Shape() | |
self.nextPiece = Shape() | |
self.curX = 0 | |
self.curY = 0 | |
self.numLinesRemoved = 0 | |
self.board = [] | |
self.isStarted = False | |
self.isPaused = False | |
self.Bind(wx.EVT_PAINT, self.OnPaint) | |
self.Bind(wx.EVT_KEY_DOWN, self.OnKeyDown) | |
self.Bind(wx.EVT_TIMER, self.OnTimer, id=Board.ID_TIMER) | |
self.clearBoard() | |
def shapeAt(self, x, y): | |
return self.board[(y * Board.BoardWidth) + x] | |
def setShapeAt(self, x, y, shape): | |
self.board[(y * Board.BoardWidth) + x] = shape | |
def squareWidth(self): | |
return self.GetClientSize().GetWidth() // Board.BoardWidth | |
def squareHeight(self): | |
return self.GetClientSize().GetHeight() // Board.BoardHeight | |
def start(self): | |
if self.isPaused: | |
return | |
self.isStarted = True | |
self.isWaitingAfterLine = False | |
self.numLinesRemoved = 0 | |
self.clearBoard() | |
self.newPiece() | |
self.timer.Start(Board.Speed) | |
def pause(self): | |
if not self.isStarted: | |
return | |
self.isPaused = not self.isPaused | |
statusbar = self.GetParent().statusbar | |
if self.isPaused: | |
self.timer.Stop() | |
statusbar.SetStatusText('paused') | |
else: | |
self.timer.Start(Board.Speed) | |
statusbar.SetStatusText(str(self.numLinesRemoved)) | |
self.Refresh() | |
def clearBoard(self): | |
for i in range(Board.BoardHeight * Board.BoardWidth): | |
self.board.append(Tetrominoes.NoShape) | |
def OnPaint(self, event): | |
dc = wx.PaintDC(self) | |
size = self.GetClientSize() | |
boardTop = size.GetHeight() - Board.BoardHeight * self.squareHeight() | |
for i in range(Board.BoardHeight): | |
for j in range(Board.BoardWidth): | |
shape = self.shapeAt(j, Board.BoardHeight - i - 1) | |
if shape != Tetrominoes.NoShape: | |
self.drawSquare(dc, | |
0 + j * self.squareWidth(), | |
boardTop + i * self.squareHeight(), shape) | |
if self.curPiece.shape() != Tetrominoes.NoShape: | |
for i in range(4): | |
x = self.curX + self.curPiece.x(i) | |
y = self.curY - self.curPiece.y(i) | |
self.drawSquare(dc, 0 + x * self.squareWidth(), | |
boardTop + (Board.BoardHeight - y - 1) * self.squareHeight(), | |
self.curPiece.shape()) | |
def OnKeyDown(self, event): | |
if not self.isStarted or self.curPiece.shape() == Tetrominoes.NoShape: | |
event.Skip() | |
return | |
keycode = event.GetKeyCode() | |
if keycode == ord('P') or keycode == ord('p'): | |
self.pause() | |
return | |
if self.isPaused: | |
return | |
elif keycode == wx.WXK_LEFT: | |
self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX - 1, self.curY) | |
elif keycode == wx.WXK_RIGHT: | |
self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX + 1, self.curY) | |
elif keycode == wx.WXK_DOWN: | |
self.tryMove(self.curPiece.rotatedRight(), self.curX, self.curY) | |
elif keycode == wx.WXK_UP: | |
self.tryMove(self.curPiece.rotatedLeft(), self.curX, self.curY) | |
elif keycode == wx.WXK_SPACE: | |
self.dropDown() | |
elif keycode == ord('D') or keycode == ord('d'): | |
self.oneLineDown() | |
else: | |
event.Skip() | |
def OnTimer(self, event): | |
if event.GetId() == Board.ID_TIMER: | |
if self.isWaitingAfterLine: | |
self.isWaitingAfterLine = False | |
self.newPiece() | |
else: | |
self.oneLineDown() | |
else: | |
event.Skip() | |
def dropDown(self): | |
newY = self.curY | |
while newY > 0: | |
if not self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX, newY - 1): | |
break | |
newY -= 1 | |
self.pieceDropped() | |
def oneLineDown(self): | |
if not self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX, self.curY - 1): | |
self.pieceDropped() | |
def pieceDropped(self): | |
for i in range(4): | |
x = self.curX + self.curPiece.x(i) | |
y = self.curY - self.curPiece.y(i) | |
self.setShapeAt(x, y, self.curPiece.shape()) | |
self.removeFullLines() | |
if not self.isWaitingAfterLine: | |
self.newPiece() | |
def removeFullLines(self): | |
numFullLines = 0 | |
statusbar = self.GetParent().statusbar | |
rowsToRemove = [] | |
for i in range(Board.BoardHeight): | |
n = 0 | |
for j in range(Board.BoardWidth): | |
if not self.shapeAt(j, i) == Tetrominoes.NoShape: | |
n = n + 1 | |
if n == 10: | |
rowsToRemove.append(i) | |
rowsToRemove.reverse() | |
for m in rowsToRemove: | |
for k in range(m, Board.BoardHeight): | |
for l in range(Board.BoardWidth): | |
self.setShapeAt(l, k, self.shapeAt(l, k + 1)) | |
numFullLines = numFullLines + len(rowsToRemove) | |
if numFullLines > 0: | |
self.numLinesRemoved = self.numLinesRemoved + numFullLines | |
statusbar.SetStatusText(str(self.numLinesRemoved)) | |
self.isWaitingAfterLine = True | |
self.curPiece.setShape(Tetrominoes.NoShape) | |
self.Refresh() | |
def newPiece(self): | |
self.curPiece = self.nextPiece | |
statusbar = self.GetParent().statusbar | |
self.nextPiece.setRandomShape() | |
self.curX = Board.BoardWidth // 2 + 1 | |
self.curY = Board.BoardHeight - 1 + self.curPiece.minY() | |
if not self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX, self.curY): | |
self.curPiece.setShape(Tetrominoes.NoShape) | |
self.timer.Stop() | |
self.isStarted = False | |
statusbar.SetStatusText('Game over') | |
def tryMove(self, newPiece, newX, newY): | |
for i in range(4): | |
x = newX + newPiece.x(i) | |
y = newY - newPiece.y(i) | |
if x < 0 or x >= Board.BoardWidth or y < 0 or y >= Board.BoardHeight: | |
return False | |
if self.shapeAt(x, y) != Tetrominoes.NoShape: | |
return False | |
self.curPiece = newPiece | |
self.curX = newX | |
self.curY = newY | |
self.Refresh() | |
return True | |
def drawSquare(self, dc, x, y, shape): | |
colors = ['#000000', '#CC6666', '#66CC66', '#6666CC', | |
'#CCCC66', '#CC66CC', '#66CCCC', '#DAAA00'] | |
light = ['#000000', '#F89FAB', '#79FC79', '#7979FC', | |
'#FCFC79', '#FC79FC', '#79FCFC', '#FCC600'] | |
dark = ['#000000', '#803C3B', '#3B803B', '#3B3B80', | |
'#80803B', '#803B80', '#3B8080', '#806200'] | |
pen = wx.Pen(light[shape]) | |
pen.SetCap(wx.CAP_PROJECTING) | |
dc.SetPen(pen) | |
dc.DrawLine(x, y + self.squareHeight() - 1, x, y) | |
dc.DrawLine(x, y, x + self.squareWidth() - 1, y) | |
darkpen = wx.Pen(dark[shape]) | |
darkpen.SetCap(wx.CAP_PROJECTING) | |
dc.SetPen(darkpen) | |
dc.DrawLine(x + 1, y + self.squareHeight() - 1, | |
x + self.squareWidth() - 1, y + self.squareHeight() - 1) | |
dc.DrawLine(x + self.squareWidth() - 1, | |
y + self.squareHeight() - 1, x + self.squareWidth() - 1, y + 1) | |
dc.SetPen(wx.TRANSPARENT_PEN) | |
dc.SetBrush(wx.Brush(colors[shape])) | |
dc.DrawRectangle(x + 1, y + 1, self.squareWidth() - 2, | |
self.squareHeight() - 2) | |
class Tetrominoes(object): | |
NoShape = 0 | |
ZShape = 1 | |
SShape = 2 | |
LineShape = 3 | |
TShape = 4 | |
SquareShape = 5 | |
LShape = 6 | |
MirroredLShape = 7 | |
class Shape(object): | |
coordsTable = (((0, 0), (0, 0), (0, 0), (0, 0)), | |
((0, -1), (0, 0), (-1, 0), (-1, 1)), | |
((0, -1), (0, 0), (1, 0), (1, 1)), | |
((0, -1), (0, 0), (0, 1), (0, 2)), | |
((-1, 0), (0, 0), (1, 0), (0, 1)), | |
((0, 0), (1, 0), (0, 1), (1, 1)), | |
((-1, -1), (0, -1), (0, 0), (0, 1)), | |
((1, -1), (0, -1), (0, 0), (0, 1)) | |
) | |
def __init__(self): | |
self.coords = [[0,0] for i in range(4)] | |
self.pieceShape = Tetrominoes.NoShape | |
self.setShape(Tetrominoes.NoShape) | |
def shape(self): | |
return self.pieceShape | |
def setShape(self, shape): | |
table = Shape.coordsTable[shape] | |
for i in range(4): | |
for j in range(2): | |
self.coords[i][j] = table[i][j] | |
self.pieceShape = shape | |
def setRandomShape(self): | |
self.setShape(random.randint(1, 7)) | |
def x(self, index): | |
return self.coords[index][0] | |
def y(self, index): | |
return self.coords[index][1] | |
def setX(self, index, x): | |
self.coords[index][0] = x | |
def setY(self, index, y): | |
self.coords[index][1] = y | |
def minX(self): | |
m = self.coords[0][0] | |
for i in range(4): | |
m = min(m, self.coords[i][0]) | |
return m | |
def maxX(self): | |
m = self.coords[0][0] | |
for i in range(4): | |
m = max(m, self.coords[i][0]) | |
return m | |
def minY(self): | |
m = self.coords[0][1] | |
for i in range(4): | |
m = min(m, self.coords[i][1]) | |
return m | |
def maxY(self): | |
m = self.coords[0][1] | |
for i in range(4): | |
m = max(m, self.coords[i][1]) | |
return m | |
def rotatedLeft(self): | |
if self.pieceShape == Tetrominoes.SquareShape: | |
return self | |
result = Shape() | |
result.pieceShape = self.pieceShape | |
for i in range(4): | |
result.setX(i, self.y(i)) | |
result.setY(i, -self.x(i)) | |
return result | |
def rotatedRight(self): | |
if self.pieceShape == Tetrominoes.SquareShape: | |
return self | |
result = Shape() | |
result.pieceShape = self.pieceShape | |
for i in range(4): | |
result.setX(i, -self.y(i)) | |
result.setY(i, self.x(i)) | |
return result | |
def main(): | |
app = wx.App() | |
ex = Tetris(None) | |
ex.Show() | |
app.MainLoop() | |
if __name__ == '__main__': | |
main() |
<img src=”https://mymarkdowm.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/markdownimg/image-20201115192956845.png” alt=”image-20201115192956845″ style=”zoom:50%;” />
应用程序启动后,立刻开始。咱们能够通过按 p 键来暂停游戏。空格键会将掉落的俄罗斯方块立刻掉到底部。d 键则会使棋子减速着落。方向下键会旋转形态。游戏以恒定的速度进行, 分数是咱们删除的排数。
... | |
self.curX = 0 | |
self.curY = 0 | |
self.numLinesRemoved = 0 | |
self.board = [] | |
... |
在开始游戏循环之前,咱们先初始化一些重要的变量。self.board
变量是一个从 0 到 7 的数字列表。它代表各种形态的地位和形态在棋盘上的陈迹。
for i in range(Board.BoardHeight): | |
for j in range(Board.BoardWidth): | |
shape = self.shapeAt(j, Board.BoardHeight - i - 1) | |
if shape != Tetrominoes.NoShape: | |
self.drawSquare(dc, | |
0 + j * self.squareWidth(), | |
boardTop + i * self.squareHeight(), shape) |
游戏的绘画分为两个步骤。第一步,咱们画出所有的形态,或者是掉到棋盘底部的形态。所有的方块都被保留在 self.board
列表变量中。咱们应用 shapeAt()
办法拜访它。
if self.curPiece.shape() != Tetrominoes.NoShape: | |
for i in range(4): | |
x = self.curX + self.curPiece.x(i) | |
y = self.curY - self.curPiece.y(i) | |
self.drawSquare(dc, 0 + x * self.squareWidth(), | |
boardTop + (Board.BoardHeight - y - 1) * self.squareHeight(), | |
self.curPiece.shape()) |
下一步是画出落下的理论作品。
elif keycode == wx.WXK_LEFT: | |
self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX - 1, self.curY) |
在 OnKeyDown()办法中,咱们查看是否有按键被按下。如果按了右边的方向键,就会尝试将棋子向左挪动。tryMove 是因为棋子可能无奈挪动(边界上)。
def tryMove(self, newPiece, newX, newY): | |
for i in range(4): | |
x = newX + newPiece.x(i) | |
y = newY - newPiece.y(i) | |
if x < 0 or x >= Board.BoardWidth or y < 0 or y >= Board.BoardHeight: | |
return False | |
if self.shapeAt(x, y) != Tetrominoes.NoShape: | |
return False | |
self.curPiece = newPiece | |
self.curX = newX | |
self.curY = newY | |
self.Refresh() | |
return True |
在 tryMove()
办法中,咱们尝试挪动咱们的形态。如果形态在棋盘的边缘或与其余棋子相邻,咱们返回 “False”;否则咱们将以后着落的棋子搁置到新的地位并返回 “True”。
def OnTimer(self, event): | |
if event.GetId() == Board.ID_TIMER: | |
if self.isWaitingAfterLine: | |
self.isWaitingAfterLine = False | |
self.newPiece() | |
else: | |
self.oneLineDown() | |
else: | |
event.Skip() |
在 OnTimer()
办法中,咱们要么在前一个棋子落到底部后,创立一个新的棋子,要么将落下的棋子向下挪动一行。
def removeFullLines(self): | |
numFullLines = 0 | |
rowsToRemove = [] | |
for i in range(Board.BoardHeight): | |
n = 0 | |
for j in range(Board.BoardWidth): | |
if not self.shapeAt(j, i) == Tetrominoes.NoShape: | |
n = n + 1 | |
if n == 10: | |
rowsToRemove.append(i) | |
rowsToRemove.reverse() | |
for m in rowsToRemove: | |
for k in range(m, Board.BoardHeight): | |
for l in range(Board.BoardWidth): | |
self.setShapeAt(l, k, self.shapeAt(l, k + 1)) | |
... |
如果形态达到底部,就调用 removeFullLines()办法。首先咱们找出所有的满行,并将其删除。咱们的做法是将以后要删除的满行之上的所有行向下挪动一行。
def newPiece(self): | |
self.curPiece = self.nextPiece | |
statusbar = self.GetParent().statusbar | |
self.nextPiece.setRandomShape() | |
self.curX = Board.BoardWidth / 2 + 1 | |
self.curY = Board.BoardHeight - 1 + self.curPiece.minY() | |
if not self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX, self.curY): | |
self.curPiece.setShape(Tetrominoes.NoShape) | |
self.timer.Stop() | |
self.isStarted = False | |
statusbar.SetStatusText('Game over') |
newPiece()
办法随机创立一个新的俄罗斯方块。如果这个棋子不能进入它的初始地位,游戏就完结了。
Shape
类保留了俄罗斯方块的信息。
self.coords = [[0,0] for i in range(4)]
创立后咱们创立一个空的坐标列表。该列表将保留俄罗斯方块片的坐标。例如,元组 (0,-1),(0,0),(-1,0),(-1,-1) 代表一个旋转的 S 形。下图阐明了这个形态。
<img src=”https://mymarkdowm.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/markdownimg/coordinates.png” alt=”Coordinates” style=”zoom:50%;” />
当画出以后落下的棋子时,咱们在 self.curX
和self.curY 地位
画出它。而后咱们看坐标表,把四个方块都画进去。