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python 日志 logging 配置
- 为了不便 ELK 收集日志,将日志打印成 json 格局
- 开发过程中,应用 json 格局不不便排查问题
- 本文章应用 python 的 logging 模块,一步步减少配置,来阐明每个组件作用
原始日志
- python 能够应用两种形式打印
- python 默认打印级别为 ’WARNING’
import logging
# 间接应用 logging 打印日志
logging.info('info') # 未打印
logging.warning('warning') # WARNING:root:warning
logging.error('error') # ERROR:root:error
# 应用 logger 打印日志
logger = logging.getLogger('demo')
logger.info('info') # 未打印
logger.warning('warning') # WARNING:demo:warning
logger.error('error') # ERROR:demo:error
应用字典配置
- version 为固定字段,目前为 1
- 将级别设置为 ’INFO’
import logging
import logging.config
def use_config():
"""配置日志行为"""
config = {"version": 1, "root": {"level": "INFO"}}
logging.config.dictConfig(config)
use_config()
# 间接应用 logging 打印日志
logging.info('info') # INFO:root:info
logging.warning('warning') # WARNING:root:warning
logging.error('error') # ERROR:root:error
# 应用 logger 打印日志
logger = logging.getLogger('demo')
logger.info('info') # INFO:demo:info
logger.warning('warning') # WARNING:demo:warning
logger.error('error') # ERROR:demo:error
记录器
- “loggers” 为指定记录器
-
“root” 本质上也是记录器,python 默认的记录器
- logging 间接打印日志,相当于 logging.getLogger(‘root’)
- 没有找到记录器名字的应用默认记录器(即 ’root’)
import logging
import logging.config
def use_config():
"""配置日志行为"""
config = {
"version": 1,
"root": {"level": "WARNING"},
"loggers": {
"demo": {"level": "ERROR"}
}
}
logging.config.dictConfig(config)
use_config()
# 间接应用 logging 打印日志
logging.info('info') # 未打印
logging.warning('warning') # WARNING:root:warning
logging.error('error') # ERROR:root:error
# 应用 logger 打印日志
logger = logging.getLogger('demo')
logger.info('info') # 未打印
logger.warning('warning') # 未打印
logger.error('error') # ERROR:demo:error
# 未找到记录器时,应用 'root' 记录器
logger2 = logging.getLogger('demo2')
logger2.info('info') # 未打印
logger2.warning('warning') # WARNING:demo2:warning
logger2.error('error') # ERROR:demo2:error
处理器及格式化器
-
“handlers” 为处理器
- 处理器有很多类型,能够打印屏幕、打印文件、发送邮件、发送 http 申请等,详情查看 Useful Handlers 官网文档
- 记录器中能够指定多个处理器
- 上面例子打印屏幕
-
“formatters” 为格式化器
- format:应用 python 内置格式化器格式化日志信息
import logging
import logging.config
def use_config():
"""配置日志行为"""
config = {
"version": 1,
"root": {
"level": "INFO",
"handlers": ["console_handler"]
},
"handlers": {
"console_handler": {
"class": "logging.StreamHandler",
"formatter": "console_formatter",
"stream": "ext://sys.stdout"
}
},
"formatters": {
"console_formatter": {"format": "%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s"
}
}
}
logging.config.dictConfig(config)
use_config()
logging.info('info') # 2022-10-25 20:16:59,073 - root - INFO - info
logging.warning('warning') # 2022-10-25 20:16:59,073 - root - WARNING - warning
logging.error('error') # 2022-10-25 20:16:59,074 - root - ERROR - error
自定义格式化器
- 自定义格式化器继承 logging.Formatter,重写 format 办法
-
配置中,字段名应用 ”class” 代表自定义格式化器
- 填入导入该类的字符串,如下代码,在 ”log_demo.py” 文件里的 ”MyFormatter”,即为 ”log_demo.MyFormatter”
- 类型导入会执行一遍代码,反复调用配置办法会增加多个处理器,导致打印多遍
- record 中有很多字段,这里不展现,自行打印查看
# log_demo.py
import logging
import logging.config
class MyFormatter(logging.Formatter):
def format(self, record: logging.LogRecord) -> str:
"""重写日志格式化字符串"""
return f"[{record.name}] [{record.levelname}] {record.msg}"
def use_config():
"""配置日志行为"""
config = {
"version": 1,
"root": {
"level": "INFO",
"handlers": ["console_handler"]
},
"handlers": {
"console_handler": {
"class": "logging.StreamHandler",
"formatter": "console_formatter",
"stream": "ext://sys.stdout"
}
},
"formatters": {
"console_formatter": {"class": "log_demo.MyFormatter"}
}
}
logging.config.dictConfig(config)
if __name__ == "__main__":
"""
实例化 MyFormatter 类时,会执行一遍代码
将代码放在__main__里,否则会打印两遍
"""
use_config()
logging.info('info') # [root] [INFO] info
logging.warning('warning') # [root] [WARNING] warning
logging.error('error') # [root] [ERROR] error
extra 额定字段
- 日志办法中有 ”extra” 字段,丰盛日志信息
- 打印
import logging
import logging.config
class MyFormatter(logging.Formatter):
def format(self, record: logging.LogRecord) -> str:
"""重写日志格式化字符串"""
for i in record.__dict__:
print(i, end=',')
print('')
return f"[{record.name}] [{record.levelname}] {record.msg}"
def use_config():
"""配置日志行为"""
config = {
"version": 1,
"root": {
"level": "INFO",
"handlers": ["console_handler"]
},
"handlers": {
"console_handler": {
"class": "logging.StreamHandler",
"formatter": "console_formatter",
"stream": "ext://sys.stdout"
}
},
"formatters": {
"console_formatter": {"class": "log_demo.MyFormatter"}
}
}
logging.config.dictConfig(config)
if __name__ == "__main__":
"""
实例化 MyFormatter 类时,会执行一遍代码
将代码放在__main__里,否则会打印两遍
"""
use_config()
logging.info('info')
# name,msg,args,levelname,levelno,pathname,filename,module,exc_info,exc_text,stack_info,lineno,funcName,created,msecs,relativeCreated,thread,threadName,processName,process,
# [root] [INFO] info
# extra 减少了 'a','b',能够看到 record 对象也减少了 'a','b' 两个字段
logging.info('extra info', extra={'a': 1, 'b': 2})
# name,msg,args,levelname,levelno,pathname,filename,module,exc_info,exc_text,stack_info,lineno,funcName,created,msecs,relativeCreated,thread,threadName,processName,process,a,b,
# [root] [INFO] extra info
最终代码
-
减少环境变量 ”LOG_MODE”,用来管制打印行为
- 为 ”json” 时,打印 json 格局字符串,提供给 ELK 收集
- 为 ”text” 时,打印成文本模式,不便开发时查看
- json 转换时加上 ”ensure_ascii=False”,否则中文会被转换为 ASCII
代码
import os
import json
import logging
import logging.config
from datetime import datetime, timezone, timedelta
class JsonFormatter(logging.Formatter):
__TZ = timezone(timedelta(hours=+8))
def format(self, record: logging.LogRecord) -> str:
# ELK 收集须要应用带时区的工夫戳,key 必须为 "@timestamp"
create_time = datetime.fromtimestamp(record.created)
kv = {'@timestamp': create_time.astimezone(self.__TZ).isoformat()}
if len(record.args) > 0:
kv['message'] = record.msg % record.args
else:
kv['message'] = record.msg
# 报错信息
if record.exc_info:
kv['err_info'] = self.formatException(record.exc_info)
for k in record.__dict__:
v = getattr(record, k)
# 其余类型 json 转换可能报错
if v is None or isinstance(v, (int, float, bool, str)):
kv[k] = v
else:
kv[k] = str(v)
return json.dumps(kv, ensure_ascii=False)
def use_config():
"""配置日志行为"""
if os.environ.get('LOG_MODE') == "json":
format_data = {"class": "log_demo.JsonFormatter"}
else:
format_data = {"format": "[%(asctime)s] [%(name)s] [%(levelname)s] %(message)s"
}
config = {
"version": 1,
"root": {
"level": "INFO",
"handlers": ["console_handler"]
},
"handlers": {
"console_handler": {
"class": "logging.StreamHandler",
"formatter": "console_formatter",
"stream": "ext://sys.stdout"
}
},
"formatters": {"console_formatter": format_data}
}
logging.config.dictConfig(config)
if __name__ == "__main__":
use_config()
logging.info('info')
logging.info('extra info', extra={'a': 1, 'b': 2})
text 成果
# linux 设置环境变量
export LOG_MODE=text
# windows 设置环境变量
set LOG_MODE=text
python log_demo.py
[2022-10-26 19:11:07,468] [root] [INFO] info
[2022-10-26 19:11:07,468] [root] [INFO] extra info
json 成果
# linux 设置环境变量
export LOG_MODE=json
# windows 设置环境变量
set LOG_MODE=json
python log_demo.py
{"@timestamp": "2022-10-26T20:10:42.168191+08:00", "message": "info", "name": "root", "msg": "info", "args": "()", "levelname": "INFO", "levelno": 20, "pathname": "e:\\Work\\Code\\TestCode\\everything\\log_demo.py", "filename": "log_demo.py", "module": "log_demo", "exc_info": null, "exc_text": null, "stack_info": null, "lineno": 66, "funcName": "<module>", "created": 1666786242.168191, "msecs": 168.19095611572266, "relativeCreated": 35.9044075012207, "thread": 22716, "threadName": "MainThread", "processName": "MainProcess", "process": 19576}
{"@timestamp": "2022-10-26T20:10:42.169210+08:00", "message": "extra info", "name": "root", "msg": "extra info", "args": "()", "levelname": "INFO", "levelno": 20, "pathname": "e:\\Work\\Code\\TestCode\\everything\\log_demo.py", "filename": "log_demo.py", "module": "log_demo", "exc_info": null, "exc_text": null, "stack_info": null, "lineno": 67, "funcName": "<module>", "created": 1666786242.1692102, "msecs": 169.21019554138184, "relativeCreated": 36.92364692687988, "thread": 22716, "threadName": "MainThread", "processName": "MainProcess", "process": 19576, "a": 1, "b": 2}
正文完