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作者:杨奇龙
网名“北在北方”,资深 DBA,次要负责数据库架构设计和运维平台开发工作,善于数据库性能调优、故障诊断。
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一、前言
作为 MySQL DBA,置信大家都经验过在复制模式下,如果没有主键,遇到 load data,大事务,ddl 等有大量表数据行扫描的行为时,会带来重大的主从提早,给数据库稳定性和数据一致性带来隐患。
MySQL 8.0.30 已于近日 GA,新版本为咱们提供了一个令人惊喜的个性 -(Generated Invisible Primary Keys)简称 GIPK。一句详情就是: 当开启 GIPK 模式后,MySQL 会在没有显示定义主键的 InnoDB 表上主动生成不可见的主键。
对于曾经应用云 RDS 的敌人,可能很早就享受到云 RDS MySQL 提供的 隐式主键 个性。然而对于自建数据库的企业,GIPK 仍然是一个比拟期待个性,(当然有和用起来是两码事!)
长话短说,本文基于理论测试案例来学校 如何应用 GIPK。
二、实际出真知
2.1 开启
GIPK 由参数sql_generate_invisible_primary_key
管制,默认敞开,示意禁用,如果须要应用该个性,则需显式开启。
master [localhost:22031]> show variables like 'sql_generate_invisible_primary_key';
+------------------------------------+-------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+------------------------------------+-------+
| sql_generate_invisible_primary_key | OFF |
+------------------------------------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
master [localhost:22031]> set sql_generate_invisible_primary_key=on;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
master [localhost:22031]> show variables like 'sql_generate_invisible_primary_key';
+------------------------------------+-------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+------------------------------------+-------+
| sql_generate_invisible_primary_key | ON |
+------------------------------------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
2.2 测试
咱们别离在敞开和开启该个性下创立两个无主键表:
master [localhost:22031]> create table t1(id int ,c1 int);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
master [localhost:22031] {msandbox} (test) > show create table t1 \G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Table: t1
Create Table: CREATE TABLE `t1` (
`id` int DEFAULT NULL,
`c1` int DEFAULT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
开启 GIPK 并创立无主键表 t3。
master [localhost:22031]> set sql_generate_invisible_primary_key=on;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
master [localhost:22031] {msandbox} (test) > show variables like 'sql_generate_invisible_primary_key';
+------------------------------------+-------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+------------------------------------+-------+
| sql_generate_invisible_primary_key | ON |
+------------------------------------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
master [localhost:22031]> create table t3(id int ,c1 int);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
master [localhost:22031]>
master [localhost:22031]> show create table t3 \G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Table: t3
Create Table: CREATE TABLE `t3` (
`my_row_id` bigint unsigned NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT /*!80023 INVISIBLE */,
`id` int DEFAULT NULL,
`c1` int DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`my_row_id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
咱们能够通过 show create table 发现 t3 的表构造,呈现名为 my_row_id
的不可见主键。对两个表插入数据查看差别:
master [localhost:22031]> insert into t1 values(1,1),(2,2),(3,3);
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
master [localhost:22031]> select * from t1;
+------+------+
| id | c1 |
+------+------+
| 1 | 1 |
| 2 | 2 |
| 3 | 3 |
+------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
master [localhost:22031]> insert into t3 values(1,1),(2,2),(3,3);
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
master [localhost:22031]> select * from t3;
+------+------+
| id | c1 |
+------+------+
| 1 | 1 |
| 2 | 2 |
| 3 | 3 |
+------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
间接通过 select * from table 查问时,t3 和一般表 t1 无差别。因为 GIPK 是基于不可见列实现的,如果咱们显式指定拜访 my_row_id
, 则能够查看到暗藏的主键 my_row_id
。
master [localhost:22031]> select my_row_id,id,c1 from t3;
+-----------+------+------+
| my_row_id | id | c1 |
+-----------+------+------+
| 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 2 | 2 | 2 |
| 3 | 3 | 3 |
+-----------+------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
总的来说,从业务程序拜访数据库的角度来看,开启 GIPK 对业务是通明的。
2.3 对于 DDL
当开启 GIPK 个性时,MySQL 生成的主键不能更改,只能在 VISIBLE 和 INVISIBLE 之间进行切换。比方:
使 GIPK 主键可见: alter table TALBE_NAME
alter column my_row_id
set visible;
master [localhost:22031]> alter table t3 alter column my_row_id set visible;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
master [localhost:22031]> show create table t3 \G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Table: t3
Create Table: CREATE TABLE `t3` (
`my_row_id` bigint unsigned NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, ### 显式可见
`id` int DEFAULT NULL,
`c1` int DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`my_row_id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=4 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
### 而且能够被间接查问到
master [localhost:22031]> select * from t3;
+-----------+------+------+
| my_row_id | id | c1 |
+-----------+------+------+
| 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 2 | 2 | 2 |
| 3 | 3 | 3 |
+-----------+------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
敞开起可见性 : alter table TABLE_NAME
alter column my_row_id
set invisible;
master [localhost:22031]> alter table t3 alter column my_row_id set invisible;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
master [localhost:22031]> show create table t3 \G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Table: t3
Create Table: CREATE TABLE `t3` (
`my_row_id` bigint unsigned NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT /*!80023 INVISIBLE */,
`id` int DEFAULT NULL,
`c1` int DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`my_row_id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=4 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
## 再次通过 select * 查问则看不到 my_row_id
master [localhost:22031]> select * from t3;
+------+------+
| id | c1 |
+------+------+
| 1 | 1 |
| 2 | 2 |
| 3 | 3 |
+------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
另外就是开启 GIPK 之后,my_row_id
是零碎关键字,咱们创立无主键的表时,不能蕴含名为 my_row_id
的字段。
master [localhost:22031]> create table t6(my_row_id int not null ,c1 int);
ERROR 4108 (HY000): Failed to generate invisible primary key. Column 'my_row_id' already exists.
当然如果 MySQL 容许创立蕴含名为 my_row_id
的主键的表:
master [localhost:22031]> create table t5(my_row_id int not null auto_increment primary key ,c1 int);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
当开启 GIPK 模式时,如不能间接删除不可见主键。必须显式减少一个新的主键而后再删除 GIPK
master [localhost:22031]> alter table t3 drop PRIMARY KEY;
ERROR 1235 (42000): This version of MySQL doesn't yet support'existing primary key drop without adding a new primary key. In @@sql_generate_invisible_primary_key=ON mode table should have a primary key. Please add a new primary key to be able to drop existing primary key.'
master [localhost:22031]> alter table t3 drop PRIMARY KEY,add primary key(id);
ERROR 4111 (HY000): Please drop primary key column to be able to drop generated invisible primary key.
master [localhost:22031]> alter table t3 drop column my_row_id,add primary key(id);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
2.4 对于主从复制
须要留神的是 set sql_generate_invisible_primary_key=on|off
并不会被复制到从库,主库上开启该个性的话,从库并不会开启 GIPK。也就是说从库也不会为任何在源库上没有创立主键的表创立主键。可能会有读者疑难 如果主库敞开该个性,然而从库显示开启呢? 做个测试看看
在 master 上敞开该个性并且创立无主键表 t6
master [localhost:22031]> set sql_generate_invisible_primary_key=off;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
master [localhost:22031]>
master [localhost:22031]>show variables like 'sql_generate_invisible_primary_key';
+------------------------------------+-------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+------------------------------------+-------+
| sql_generate_invisible_primary_key | OFF |
+------------------------------------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
master [localhost:22031]> show tables;
+----------------+
| Tables_in_test |
+----------------+
| t1 |
| t2 |
| t3 |
| t4 |
| t5 |
+----------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
master [localhost:22031]> create table t6(id int ,c1 int);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
master [localhost:22031]> show create table t6\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Table: t6
Create Table: CREATE TABLE `t6` (
`id` int DEFAULT NULL,
`c1` int DEFAULT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
在从库上开启该个性
slave1 [localhost:22032]> show tables;
+----------------+
| Tables_in_test |
+----------------+
| t1 |
| t2 |
| t3 |
| t4 |
| t5 |
+----------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
slave1 [localhost:22032]> set sql_generate_invisible_primary_key=on;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
slave1 [localhost:22032]> show variables like 'sql_generate_invisible_primary_key';
+------------------------------------+-------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+------------------------------------+-------+
| sql_generate_invisible_primary_key | ON |
+------------------------------------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
slave1 [localhost:22032]> show create table t6\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Table: t6
Create Table: CREATE TABLE `t6` (
`id` int DEFAULT NULL,
`c1` int DEFAULT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
后果: 主库敞开 GIPK,从库开启 GIPK,源库上创立无主键表,从库上并不会被动为该表创立主键。
2.5 逻辑备份
大多数实例会进行逻辑备份,如果 开启 GIPK 模式时,MySQL 8.0.30 版本的 mysqldump 提供的 --skip-generated-invisible-primary-key
选项会疏忽 GIPK 信息。简略来说,mysqldump 时 不带该参数,逻辑导出的数据会蕴含隐式主键,如果带上该参数,则不带隐式主键。
2.6 限度
- 只反对 InnoDB 存储引擎。
- 反对 row 模式复制,不反对 statement 模式复制。
my_row_id
成为零碎关键字。
三、小结
总体而言,该个性相对是强需要。毕竟林子大了,什么样的状况都可能会产生。运 (chu) 维(li)经 (gu) 验(zhang)比拟丰盛 DBA 而言,MySQL 数据库稳定性深受无主键之苦,对于自建场景尤其是没有审核流程的公司而言,该个性能晋升数据库系统稳定性和安全性。
参考文档
- https://dev.mysql.com/doc/ref…
- https://dev.mysql.com/doc/ref…