关于密码学:铜锁支持-Bulletproofs-算法

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背景

零常识证实 (ZKP,Zero Knowledge Proof) 是隐衷计算和区块链畛域中十分重要的密码学技术,可能在证实者不向验证者提供任何有用信息的状况下,使验证者置信某个论断是正确的。零常识证实于 1985 年提出,至今 30 多年,但目前支流的零常识证实算法仅有 zk-SNARKs、zk-STARKs 和 Bulletproofs。其中 zk-SNARKs 于 2013 年提出,因其常数级的验证工夫和证实大小较小,在区块链中获取了宽泛的利用,但其原理和计算非常复杂,还须要 trusted-setup,耦合度和复杂度都比拟高,在一些场景中并不实用;zk-STARKs 解决了 zk-SNARKs 须要 trusted-setup 的问题,但其生成 zk-STARKs 的证实 size 较大,验证 zk-STARKs 的证实计算复杂度较高,因而不论是 zk-SNARKs 还是 zk-STARKs,都有较高的门槛。而 2018 年提出的 Bulletproofs 算法,其设计指标是克服传统计划的毛病并提供更高效、更紧凑的零常识证实计划。它具备以下几个劣势:

  • 高效性 :Bulletproofs 算法具备线性的验证复杂度,这意味着验证一个证实所需的计算量与证实的大小成正比,具备较高的效率。
  • 紧凑性 :Bulletproofs 生成的证实绝对较小,通常是输出规模的对数级别。相比于传统计划,它们更能无效地传输和存储,缩小了通信和存储老本。这对于在无限的计算和存储资源下进行零常识证实十分有价值。
  • 通用性 :Bulletproofs 是通用的,能够用于证实范畴 (Range) 和证实常识 (R1CS) 的零常识证实。它能够利用于各种不同的利用场景,包含 Web3 畛域的窃密交易、身份验证和隐衷爱护等。
  • 兼容性 :Bulletproofs 与现有的区块链技术兼容。它能够与现有的密码学原语和协定配合应用,如零常识范畴证实 (Range Proof) 和加密哈希函数。这使得 Bulletproofs 可能与现有的零碎和平台集成,并为其提供更高效和牢靠的零常识证实能力。

综上所述,Bulletproofs 诞生的背景是解决传统零常识证实计划的限度和毛病,它通过提供高效、紧凑和通用的证实计划来解决这些问题。Bulletproofs 具备高效性、紧凑性、通用性和兼容性等劣势,使其成为在各种隐衷爱护和认证利用中宽泛应用的零常识证实算法。目前可实现 Bulletproofs 算法的开源我的项目中,数量很少且品质个别,门槛也较高。铜锁作为根底明码库,十分有必要实现零常识证实算法,特地是 Bulletproofs 算法,以将其利用到更多的畛域,解决隐衷计算和区块链中的难题。

概念

公共参数

Bulletproofs 的公共参数也有事后设置的过程,但与 zk-SNARKs 的 trusted-setup 有着较大区别,所谓 trusted-setup 是指在协定进行证实和认证之前,须要生成和设置一些公共的参数,然而在生成这些公共参数的过程中,生成了一些不能公开的两头数据,须要在实现 setup 之后把这部分不能公开的数据删除,否则任何一方拿到这些数据都可能破解协定。而 Bulletproofs 的公共参数生成叫做 setup,而不是 trusted-setup。在 Bulletproofs 的公共参数生成过程中,参与者执行特定的计算,并共享生成的公共参数,而后,其余验证者能够应用这些公共参数来验证证实的有效性。所以,证实者和验证者须要在雷同的公共参数下进行,否则无奈验证通过。

Bulletproofs 的公共参数次要蕴含两组椭圆曲线上的点,个别示意为 G 和 H,这些点生成的形式各种实现不一样,原则上只有是生成的点是椭圆曲线上的点即可,铜锁的生成形式是随机抉择指定椭圆曲线上的点,而 Rust 版本的 Bulletproofs 公共参数生成形式是按特定算法生成椭圆曲线上的点。这两种形式各有优劣,铜锁的生成形式更随机和通用,适应更多场景,但须要散发和共享公共参数,这些公共参数占用几 k 到几十 k 的空间,如果按特定算法生成公共参数能够不须要散发和共享,但所有场景的公共参数都一样的话可能会带来一些平安问题 (这个有待考据),前面铜锁再反对按特定算法生成公共参数供用户自行抉择。

证据

证据是生成证实的要害输出,证据中蕴含明文变量 (v) 和随机数 (r),以及由明文变量和随机数加密生成的密文变量 (V),Bulletproofs 论文中明确了 V 的计算公式:

这一步叫 Pedersen commitment,其中,证实者用到明文变量 (v) 和随机数 (r),验证者用到密文变量 (V),所以证据打包发给验证者时只须要打包密文变量 V 即可。

因为 R1CS 场景中须要将变量转换成线性束缚后能力进行算术电路的运算,所以铜锁将变量实现成有名变量,不便证实者和验证者提取相干的线性束缚进行算术电路的运算。须要留神的是范畴证实 (Range Proof) 场景没有可变约束条件这一步,计算时会疏忽证据变量中的名字,有名或无名变量都能够。

约束条件

约束条件是 R1CS 的组成部分,这些约束条件规定了输出变量之间的关系,每个约束条件都是一个等式,其中波及到变量之间的乘法和加法运算。为了简化命令行输出和表达式解析,目前铜锁 Bulletproofs 命令行只反对恒等于 0 的约束条件表达式,波及到输出变量的简略束缚能够在命令行实现,更简单的逻辑运算 (比方比特位判断) 须要在代码中应用铜锁提供的 Bulletproofs 线性组合运算接口进行。约束条件表达式中应用的变量名必须在证据中找到提交的有名变量才行,否则报错。

约束条件是证实和验证的重要输出,对于证实者来说,须要应用证据和约束条件来计算生成相应的证实 (Proof),该约束条件用到的是明文证据 v 和 r,对于验证者来说,须要验证证实在该约束条件下是否无效,该约束条件用到的是密文证据 V。

证实

证实 (Prove) 是证实者将明文证据和约束条件计算生成一个证实对象 (Proof) 的过程,比方证实者晓得两个数 a=5 和 b=25 满足表达式 a2-b=0,其中约束条件是 a2-b=0,a=5 和 b=25 是有名变量,组成明文证据,a 和 b 依据密文证据公式能够计算出密文证据 a=A 和 b=B,其中 A、B 是密文,其变量名字也是 a 和 b,证实者在结构约束条件时应用的有名变量 a 和 b 用到的是明文证据 5 和 25,而验证者在结构约束条件时应用的也是有名变量 a 和 b,但用到的是密文证据 A 和 B,从而达到隐衷爱护的目标。

证实 (Prove) 的输出是证据 (Witness) 和约束条件 (Constraint),输入是证实对象 (Proof)。证实者将 Proof 编码后发给验证者,验证者验证该 Proof 是否无效。

验证

验证 (Verify) 是验证者应用公共参数、密文证据、约束条件和证实对象 (Proof),执行 Bulletproofs 的验证算法来验证证实正确性的过程,依据验证的后果来判断证实的有效性。如果验证胜利,示意陈说的真实性 (即约束条件) 已被证实,并且能够在不泄露陈说细节 (即明文证据) 的状况下确认其正确性。如果验证失败,示意陈说的真实性未能被证实,或者证实存在问题。

例子

铜锁为了升高零常识证实技术门槛,实现了 Bulletproofs 命令行工具,通过命令行就能够体验和测试 Bulletproofs,能够更好的了解和应用 Bulletproofs 技术。

公共参数 (-ppgen/-pp)

  • 生成公共参数

    $ tongsuo bulletproofs -ppgen -out ./pp.pem -curve_name sm2 -gens_capacity 16 -party_capacity 4

其中 bulletproofs 是 tongsuo 的子命令:bulletproofs 性能,不再赘述。

参数阐明:

  • -ppgen:是 bulletproofs 的子命令,指公共参数的生成,pp 是 pub_param 的缩写,gen 是 generate 的缩写
  • -out:输入文件门路
  • -curve_name:椭圆曲线名称
  • -gens_capacity:椭圆曲线点生成器的容量,对于 Range Proof 来说,该数是 Range 的比特位数,对于 R1CS 来说,该数须大于约束条件表达式中乘法变量的数量
  • -party_capacity:能够生成聚合证实的最大参与方数量,仅对 Range Proof 无效,也就是批量范畴证实的最大个数。
  • 文本显示公共参数

-pp 是用来显示公共参数的子命令。

$ tongsuo bulletproofs -pp -in ./pp.pem -text -noout
Bulletproofs Public Parameter:
curve: SM2 (1172)
gens_capacity: 16
party_capacity: 4
G[n]:
    [0]: 02:b2:83:7e:13:99:e9:d7:93:57:8d:11:4a:e7:f1:01:66:0b:b2:7b:d9:2e:a4:c7:8a:bf:a6:10:89:0c:c6:93:e9
    [1]: 02:7e:44:85:96:15:53:db:f2:72:66:c5:af:b6:4d:d2:1b:f0:b7:aa:3a:f2:3a:14:fd:99:2c:e0:5d:56:26:2e:fb
    [2]: 02:81:57:f9:d5:38:f2:11:16:f4:a1:45:60:8e:50:da:31:2d:6a:c8:fa:19:d3:36:90:66:01:14:2c:14:53:0b:f0
    [3]: 03:20:46:61:ea:ff:68:49:a3:e3:d9:d5:3b:6a:a0:22:c4:78:47:c1:d0:1b:08:d7:42:8b:c9:19:d1:a8:f5:e5:18
    # 太长了,两头省略了 #
    [60]: 03:a7:b9:80:6f:ff:7d:30:6e:86:9d:d4:e0:cd:52:ee:cc:10:7e:0d:0e:6e:26:25:ae:bb:5d:48:b3:43:c0:4a:a0
    [61]: 03:4a:b8:07:7f:44:49:b2:0e:b9:26:4e:56:97:76:89:57:22:e7:34:3d:c2:e1:d9:57:a3:73:0d:dd:49:79:19:f0
    [62]: 03:9f:24:5c:30:a8:6d:08:75:8a:4c:79:04:f0:e5:41:b7:3d:41:84:71:51:77:8e:41:36:4a:9b:b6:24:bb:26:73
    [63]: 03:97:c7:a6:45:70:19:a2:ae:ff:52:fa:1c:c7:f2:e6:a0:dd:91:fd:e8:97:d8:c2:9b:4e:41:a4:9c:17:73:63:8b
H[n]:
    [0]: 03:0a:b0:b0:4c:09:7f:ec:e2:a8:41:c0:fc:75:ad:f3:02:cf:af:6a:77:a7:96:35:d8:ce:8b:6a:4b:02:a3:8c:49
    [1]: 02:5e:1d:90:be:23:90:a9:a6:02:b2:9f:b2:07:70:eb:f5:d3:0d:93:65:bd:ac:60:21:50:cc:d2:05:29:29:9d:5d
    [2]: 03:3c:d3:ef:45:77:e1:0d:e4:51:6e:73:ae:61:04:fc:6a:8d:f1:69:a6:9e:ca:d8:c4:bb:63:4c:37:c6:30:c9:05
    [3]: 03:b1:1d:fb:e0:f3:1f:33:a1:12:cf:58:0b:2c:a4:13:68:7f:42:57:98:f4:3d:0f:0c:88:98:f7:31:0e:e7:35:27
    # 太长了,两头省略了 #
    [60]: 02:bc:b6:19:81:7e:53:21:f0:b9:00:fe:b2:77:47:4c:e5:d8:f4:57:43:d0:5a:52:ba:78:59:6c:e6:00:78:23:04
    [61]: 03:cd:c2:e8:fc:27:0b:2c:af:6b:39:d7:c0:7b:2a:58:61:dd:36:8e:72:3d:6c:c1:1f:b0:12:3e:9d:78:c3:7b:cd
    [62]: 03:27:53:ec:07:b8:05:fe:24:5f:77:1d:62:c1:32:8f:75:8b:1e:bc:4f:92:ca:02:c1:ef:26:73:b3:c7:41:83:32
    [63]: 02:f0:7c:60:03:68:41:08:27:6b:d8:0b:f1:37:ba:0f:68:ac:33:f9:2b:4d:b6:74:d7:21:9f:7b:73:4c:8c:2e:90
U: 03:34:aa:13:0f:76:92:8d:33:1f:62:00:70:ff:04:86:08:9c:c7:3b:77:66:af:77:59:ce:d9:69:66:86:60:db:24
H: 02:e5:21:75:20:47:fb:c2:76:c2:86:3c:10:e0:4c:1e:72:66:26:7b:3d:5d:ac:5b:a0:de:ab:11:d3:56:bd:fc:f1

如上后果所示,G[n] 和 H[n] 就是随机生成椭圆曲线 SM2 上的点,n=gens_capacity*party_capacity,上图是 64,两头一些随机点因为太长太占篇幅省略掉了。U 也是一个随机点,目前仅在 Range Proof 中有用,前面再看看能不能优化掉。H 个别是椭圆曲线 G 点映射到曲线上的另一个点,用来计算密文证据 V=g(v)h(r),公式里的 g 和 h 就是椭圆曲线的 G 点和公共参数外面的 H 点。

证据 (-witness)

  • 生成证据
$ tongsuo bulletproofs -witness -pp_in ./pp.pem -out witness_r1cs.pem -r1cs a=5 b=25
$ tongsuo bulletproofs -witness -pp_in ./pp.pem -out witness_range.pem 11 22 10000
$ tongsuo bulletproofs -witness -pp_in ./pp.pem -out witness_range_capacity_exceeded.pem 11 22 33 44 55
$ tongsuo bulletproofs -witness -pp_in ./pp.pem -out witness_range_exceeded.pem 65536

参数阐明:

  • -witness:是用来生成 / 显示证据的子命令
  • -pp_in:指定公共参数文件所在门路
  • -out:生成的证据文件门路,上述四条命令生成的四个证据文件别离为:

1. witness_r1cs.pem:R1CS 证据文件
2. witness_range.pem:失常的 Range 证据文件 3. witness_range_capacity_exceeded.pem:容量超出的证据文件,因为生成的公共参数反对的批量证实和验证个数为最多 4 个,这里指定了 5 个,在生成证实时会报错 4. witness_range_exceeded.pem:Range 范畴超出的证据文件,因为生成的公共参数可证实和验证的二进制比特位为 16,验证范畴是 [0,216),也就是 0-65535,提交的 65536 在验证时会失败

  • -r1cs:是指定生成的是 R1CS 证据,否则生成的是 Rrange Proof 的证据
  • a=5 b=25 是有名变量,多个变量用空格隔开,= 号后面是变量名,= 号前面是变量值,目前仅反对整数 (正 / 负均可),如果是 Range Proof 的证据,能够不须要指定变量名,间接输出变量值用空格离开即可。须要留神的是如果是正数须要用有名变量的形式来指定,否则解析报错,有正数的状况能够这么输出:11 22 xx=-33 44
  • 显示证据
$ tongsuo bulletproofs -witness -in witness_r1cs.pem -text
Witness:
curve: SM2 (1172)
H: 02:e5:21:75:20:47:fb:c2:76:c2:86:3c:10:e0:4c:1e:72:66:26:7b:3d:5d:ac:5b:a0:de:ab:11:d3:56:bd:fc:f1
V[n]:
    [a]: 02:2d:2e:29:b9:cf:1e:86:03:a4:7a:67:91:b8:25:62:84:65:b0:03:19:8e:fb:d1:ee:1d:af:dc:bc:da:01:3b:cb
    [b]: 03:c9:18:b7:b1:47:c5:db:0c:b9:55:64:a4:c0:0d:fe:d2:a0:03:3d:11:53:66:2f:7a:dd:c9:a6:e4:6a:01:5f:ca
v[n]:
    [a]: 5 (0x5)
    [b]: 25 (0x19)
r[n]:
    [0]: 00:a2:b2:0d:e5:78:2a:dc:c1:97:1f:52:8a:6f:4b:ad:fc:22:ce:d2:33:7a:71:c3:f1:be:15:d2:f8:2d:c1:f9:19
    [1]: 00:ba:4d:82:79:57:7f:d7:8a:42:a8:40:a8:52:d4:2a:32:91:a1:37:fe:dc:61:a3:a9:f4:05:c1:5e:54:4b:d6:bb
-----BEGIN BULLETPROOFS WITNESS-----
AAAElALlIXUgR/vCdsKGPBDgTB5yZiZ7PV2sW6DeqxHTVr388QAAAAICLS4puc8e
hgOkemeRuCVihGWwAxmO+9HuHa/cvNoBO8thAAPJGLexR8XbDLlVZKTADf7SoAM9
EVNmL3rdyabkagFfymIAAAAAAiuisg3leCrcwZcfUopvS638Is7SM3pxw/G+FdL4
LcH5GSu6TYJ5V3/XikKoQKhS1CoykaE3/txho6n0BcFeVEvWuwAAAAIrAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAUrAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAABk=
-----END BULLETPROOFS WITNESS-----

$ tongsuo bulletproofs -witness -in witness_range.pem -text
Witness:
curve: SM2 (1172)
H: 02:e5:21:75:20:47:fb:c2:76:c2:86:3c:10:e0:4c:1e:72:66:26:7b:3d:5d:ac:5b:a0:de:ab:11:d3:56:bd:fc:f1
V[n]:
    [0]: 03:a0:80:74:69:3a:9e:ad:d3:c2:f2:8f:90:db:34:11:89:b5:ab:2a:da:e5:e5:45:1c:0a:e3:63:86:f2:0e:92:13
    [1]: 02:1b:1d:6a:c4:e5:ae:80:19:0c:0d:ce:48:bf:7e:19:c1:b3:a2:9a:ce:da:d1:40:dc:bd:de:43:b4:e3:c8:6a:14
    [2]: 02:b3:76:ca:f5:0a:fc:37:9d:dd:55:52:37:f7:2c:4e:a4:9c:91:41:f4:d0:ea:2e:64:05:2e:dd:f7:fb:0a:1b:1d
v[n]:
    [0]: 11 (0xb)
    [1]: 22 (0x16)
    [2]: 10000 (0x2710)
r[n]:
    [0]: 4d:df:5b:b7:fb:ed:73:1a:cc:40:53:19:4f:35:e8:f5:bf:f8:08:30:cc:6d:f7:25:77:87:f1:a4:87:1e:d8:ea
    [1]: 57:cb:b6:2a:db:b5:5c:e9:33:27:73:88:72:b4:18:18:1e:da:41:b1:71:32:8f:29:f4:e7:cc:c7:a4:f3:3b:31
    [2]: 00:88:b0:2c:3f:a0:4d:8a:91:1e:fa:3c:9b:0a:c2:e0:b1:89:7a:b4:b2:2c:e6:50:75:f7:61:60:d3:2c:b9:33:94
-----BEGIN BULLETPROOFS WITNESS-----
AAAElALlIXUgR/vCdsKGPBDgTB5yZiZ7PV2sW6DeqxHTVr388QAAAAMDoIB0aTqe
rdPC8o+Q2zQRibWrKtrl5UUcCuNjhvIOkhMAAhsdasTlroAZDA3OSL9+GcGzoprO
2tFA3L3eQ7TjyGoUAAKzdsr1Cvw3nd1VUjf3LE6knJFB9NDqLmQFLt33+wobHQAA
AAADK03fW7f77XMazEBTGU816PW/+AgwzG33JXeH8aSHHtjqK1fLtirbtVzpMydz
iHK0GBge2kGxcTKPKfTnzMek8zsxK4iwLD+gTYqRHvo8mwrC4LGJerSyLOZQdfdh
YNMsuTOUAAAAAysAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACysAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAFisAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAnEA==
-----END BULLETPROOFS WITNESS-----

如上后果所示,witness 中蕴含了椭圆曲线名称,H 点 (与公共参数统一),密文证据 V,明文证据 v 和随机数 r。有名变量会在括号中显示变量名,无名变量间接显示索引号。

证实 (-prove/-proof)

  • 生成 R1CS 证实 (-prove)
$ tongsuo bulletproofs -prove -pp_in ./pp.pem -witness_in witness_r1cs.pem -out proof-r1cs.pem -r1cs_constraint "a*a-b"

$ tongsuo bulletproofs -prove -pp_in ./pp.pem -witness_in witness_r1cs.pem -out proof-r1cs.pem -r1cs_constraint "a*a-c"
May be extra arguments error, please use -help for usage summary.
80C5990001000000:error:1F800070:lib(63):bp_r1cs_expression_evaluate_variable:reason(112):crypto/zkp/bulletproofs/r1cs_constraint_expression.c:266:
80C5990001000000:error:1F80006F:lib(63):bp_r1cs_expression_process:reason(111):crypto/zkp/bulletproofs/r1cs_constraint_expression.c:302:

参数阐明:

  • -pp_in:指定公共参数文件所在门路
  • -witness_in:指定证据文件所在门路
  • -out:指定证实的输入门路,输入的文件蕴含两段:R1CS PROOF 和 WITNESS,别离为 Proof 和 Witness
  • -r1cs_constraint:指定约束条件,外面援用的变量必须在生成证据时提交的变量名中,否则报错,如上述第二条命令所示
  • 生成 Range 证实 (-prove):不必加 -r1cs_constraint 即可
$ tongsuo ./apps/openssl bulletproofs -prove -pp_in ./pp.pem -witness_in witness_range.pem -out proof-range.pem

$ tongsuo bulletproofs -prove -pp_in ./pp.pem -witness_in witness_range_exceeded.pem -out proof-range-exceeded.pem

$ tongsuo ./apps/openssl bulletproofs -prove -pp_in ./pp.pem -witness_in witness_range_capacity_exceeded.pem -out proof-range-capacity-exceeded.pem
May be extra arguments error, please use -help for usage summary.
80C54E0201000000:error:1F800068:lib(63):BP_RANGE_PROOF_prove:reason(104):crypto/zkp/bulletproofs/range_proof.c:276:

由证据文件 witness_range.pemproof-range-exceeded.pem 和 proof-range-capacity-exceeded.pem 别离生成相应的 Range Proof,能够看出,超出批量容量个数的证据生成证实时报错了。

  • 显示证实 (-proof)
$ tongsuo bulletproofs -proof -in proof-r1cs.pem -text
R1CS Proof:
AI1: 03:7f:62:d5:d4:7a:7a:91:3b:98:9f:73:c7:d6:9b:29:7e:5d:df:a0:09:f7:f7:a1:0f:f4:e6:dd:47:4a:5c:8f:bf
AO1: 03:6a:98:d0:66:09:9c:f1:ee:5d:ac:e8:df:ac:6d:08:c2:46:6a:4c:7f:5c:ec:86:df:45:a1:99:6f:1f:7c:57:c4
S1: 03:57:b0:23:16:dc:81:61:df:89:dc:b2:ff:0b:61:8d:4e:f1:fd:e2:08:c2:f8:11:25:d4:86:ea:41:04:aa:66:c9
AI2: 00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00
AO2: 00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00
S2: 00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00
T1: 03:68:73:93:9b:69:90:c9:26:4e:dc:fb:a4:cb:40:8a:fd:38:e0:40:00:aa:87:d2:a3:13:0a:c3:1a:45:b2:49:14
T3: 03:8a:39:19:dc:40:80:53:f2:3b:99:fa:3c:de:e1:3d:ad:0d:f7:b3:f6:ab:f9:bb:38:58:fa:19:76:c1:d2:96:7c
T4: 03:04:3e:f7:1a:bc:98:97:36:28:25:02:a5:38:30:da:b7:ff:c9:83:16:dc:2f:86:8a:33:d5:a0:c3:a3:78:7b:c7
T5: 03:54:2e:62:c9:ca:6c:d0:51:66:19:b5:a7:1e:0c:da:7b:22:1c:14:32:b4:5a:b2:12:c6:fc:05:ba:f0:62:77:5e
T6: 03:95:db:79:ee:f3:db:b8:b0:46:fb:39:f8:59:d7:23:2a:d7:f1:42:c3:95:15:79:6a:82:8e:a2:37:87:17:c3:b1
taux: 29:b6:03:b5:46:eb:2c:c3:c1:90:14:d4:20:41:8c:34:d1:83:7e:fc:02:83:7c:76:00:ed:f1:9d:2c:11:16:d4
mu: 00:ff:ba:a7:01:7f:d0:96:25:7a:06:e4:7f:ae:45:b6:3a:e4:aa:1c:38:34:b9:d6:1a:a6:60:93:38:aa:0c:89:69
tx: 00:b8:c8:56:04:ac:0e:9e:c3:f6:d9:fd:c9:4c:2a:5a:29:da:0a:87:c4:2e:c8:5a:97:ca:b6:45:a6:30:2c:ac:d1
inner proof:
    n: 0
    L[n]:
    R[n]:
    a: 00:ca:ab:e9:fa:45:79:de:d5:17:c0:dc:12:c5:da:d2:22:04:53:a1:45:de:e4:dd:97:bc:c0:ca:67:a8:6b:53:fc
    b: 00:ca:3b:1b:91:b9:47:a1:fd:24:05:ac:e9:05:82:19:d7:8d:b1:08:03:79:42:25:ec:ed:c5:e7:0c:ba:b2:a4:8a
-----BEGIN BULLETPROOFS R1CS PROOF-----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-----END BULLETPROOFS R1CS PROOF-----
Witness:
curve: SM2 (1172)
H: 02:e5:21:75:20:47:fb:c2:76:c2:86:3c:10:e0:4c:1e:72:66:26:7b:3d:5d:ac:5b:a0:de:ab:11:d3:56:bd:fc:f1
V[n]:
    [a]: 02:2d:2e:29:b9:cf:1e:86:03:a4:7a:67:91:b8:25:62:84:65:b0:03:19:8e:fb:d1:ee:1d:af:dc:bc:da:01:3b:cb
    [b]: 03:c9:18:b7:b1:47:c5:db:0c:b9:55:64:a4:c0:0d:fe:d2:a0:03:3d:11:53:66:2f:7a:dd:c9:a6:e4:6a:01:5f:ca
-----BEGIN BULLETPROOFS WITNESS-----
AAAElALlIXUgR/vCdsKGPBDgTB5yZiZ7PV2sW6DeqxHTVr388QAAAAICLS4puc8e
hgOkemeRuCVihGWwAxmO+9HuHa/cvNoBO8thAAPJGLexR8XbDLlVZKTADf7SoAM9
EVNmL3rdyabkagFfymIA
-----END BULLETPROOFS WITNESS-----

$ tongsuo bulletproofs -proof -in proof-range.pem -text
Range Proof:
A: 03:03:29:b3:64:40:02:99:1a:4d:22:4d:af:4e:6c:8d:14:84:e7:6a:94:05:bd:91:57:d0:40:7a:c1:fe:e5:96:94
S: 03:12:46:e0:97:01:a2:d6:bf:ea:90:5c:01:2c:0c:fe:ae:5f:8a:da:38:ce:0e:6c:29:a4:08:46:fb:34:ed:5b:ed
T1: 02:c3:0b:2d:49:8f:b1:e5:bb:2a:d6:40:51:8a:2c:6a:58:d8:59:0c:87:f1:e4:b4:81:f5:b1:a3:2d:d6:90:7e:60
T2: 02:eb:34:90:10:ed:b1:32:99:9f:1f:ff:09:7a:d3:15:4c:be:34:69:59:48:a4:fd:4b:e5:70:2a:d1:7a:30:9b:82
taux: 38:e7:c2:84:3c:16:c3:8e:7d:5e:8d:38:d5:8b:8e:4a:8e:45:95:db:e3:49:87:7f:36:63:b8:fb:6a:e8:0b:c4
mu: 00:b8:29:e5:f8:75:a3:32:f6:38:23:40:2e:90:ec:35:b0:84:2a:00:1d:04:6b:2e:67:53:50:ec:c0:98:ff:79:6b
tx: 00:8f:46:12:73:9d:e6:cb:aa:3e:21:4b:4d:f8:b4:66:91:40:fd:7e:bb:c0:b5:f7:07:ce:a5:f2:ff:98:86:62:40
inner proof:
    n: 6
    L[n]:
        [0]: 02:e7:34:ca:e7:98:a6:52:a6:83:ce:62:a6:c0:50:ec:86:4b:98:e9:19:c7:54:07:3d:d5:e3:f5:8d:fb:50:e0:c5
        [1]: 03:53:38:d4:99:6d:7d:cd:88:88:e5:92:b2:ce:13:f4:ce:3b:fe:e2:5f:12:c5:4b:d0:93:83:b6:35:fd:0d:03:24
        [2]: 03:a6:f9:93:14:b2:46:02:34:96:08:39:d2:28:65:83:1e:27:20:96:b1:e5:e7:f8:1f:a6:7a:9e:e7:df:60:e2:79
        [3]: 02:f4:b5:c4:76:a5:5e:c0:69:c5:a2:4d:24:52:9a:90:87:e3:cc:2a:3d:52:0b:3e:58:24:2e:c7:66:4e:65:b3:cf
        [4]: 03:44:5b:eb:8f:1c:91:a1:7f:9e:a7:9b:ed:fb:52:81:90:3a:4a:dc:1d:ee:dd:6b:66:71:c2:14:3c:7a:d4:c3:03
        [5]: 03:b7:53:59:4d:69:cf:12:85:41:52:60:f9:d2:c2:a1:82:88:6e:af:f3:33:f6:36:55:eb:99:61:ac:37:7d:c4:74
    R[n]:
        [0]: 03:08:3d:7c:3c:21:7f:7f:79:bb:43:05:ec:0b:76:41:9f:54:13:d0:c9:2d:7a:23:67:91:92:7f:74:ce:3e:ef:04
        [1]: 02:a7:f1:f2:de:ad:89:7c:1a:17:06:df:59:81:9f:9e:93:51:22:19:a7:74:9a:30:6c:ca:e8:6b:c5:8b:c2:6f:85
        [2]: 02:fc:0a:45:3b:86:37:a0:fd:6a:8f:92:0a:30:b9:2d:99:c5:2c:89:20:40:23:39:58:b0:da:f4:de:0c:5c:2a:ad
        [3]: 02:da:69:0e:87:f5:57:8d:a1:44:c7:9a:40:d2:d3:f5:aa:c1:e1:08:5c:fd:d4:37:9a:75:8a:9b:4e:2f:fe:56:79
        [4]: 02:35:7c:29:a0:47:17:84:71:ed:9c:bd:ed:9e:fc:9f:83:81:33:9d:c0:30:15:54:6f:53:f0:49:79:6d:a4:60:51
        [5]: 03:a0:88:ec:8a:de:4a:59:78:a7:f4:c9:5d:9a:a0:b9:ab:58:93:61:22:ef:ec:66:5c:1e:53:f1:a3:d6:bb:eb:b3
    a: 00:bb:f6:3c:a4:5c:d8:8e:7c:a6:fc:e1:c6:68:83:b3:67:49:b0:1e:a4:0d:1c:43:8d:a9:21:49:f2:cc:97:70:6e
    b: 00:98:f8:f1:9e:fd:5c:3d:39:2f:cf:4b:f4:78:2d:3d:26:1b:ca:cc:35:25:17:d6:ca:78:65:34:f4:65:81:fa:5b
-----BEGIN BULLETPROOFS RANGE PROOF-----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-----END BULLETPROOFS RANGE PROOF-----
Witness:
curve: SM2 (1172)
H: 02:e5:21:75:20:47:fb:c2:76:c2:86:3c:10:e0:4c:1e:72:66:26:7b:3d:5d:ac:5b:a0:de:ab:11:d3:56:bd:fc:f1
V[n]:
    [0]: 03:a0:80:74:69:3a:9e:ad:d3:c2:f2:8f:90:db:34:11:89:b5:ab:2a:da:e5:e5:45:1c:0a:e3:63:86:f2:0e:92:13
    [1]: 02:1b:1d:6a:c4:e5:ae:80:19:0c:0d:ce:48:bf:7e:19:c1:b3:a2:9a:ce:da:d1:40:dc:bd:de:43:b4:e3:c8:6a:14
    [2]: 02:b3:76:ca:f5:0a:fc:37:9d:dd:55:52:37:f7:2c:4e:a4:9c:91:41:f4:d0:ea:2e:64:05:2e:dd:f7:fb:0a:1b:1d
    [3]: 02:0d:30:77:fb:4f:a5:f6:7d:e4:78:f3:84:ca:96:28:c2:46:92:df:2b:dc:57:f7:f8:8b:8a:33:63:c9:6d:91:7b
-----BEGIN BULLETPROOFS WITNESS-----
AAAElALlIXUgR/vCdsKGPBDgTB5yZiZ7PV2sW6DeqxHTVr388QAAAAQDoIB0aTqe
rdPC8o+Q2zQRibWrKtrl5UUcCuNjhvIOkhMAAhsdasTlroAZDA3OSL9+GcGzoprO
2tFA3L3eQ7TjyGoUAAKzdsr1Cvw3nd1VUjf3LE6knJFB9NDqLmQFLt33+wobHQAC
DTB3+0+l9n3kePOEypYowkaS3yvcV/f4i4ozY8ltkXsA
-----END BULLETPROOFS WITNESS-----

能够看出 proof_r1cs.pem 中蕴含了两段:R1CS PROOF 和 WITNESS,这里 WITNESS 的 V 就是密文证据。

验证 (-verify)

$ tongsuo bulletproofs -verify -pp_in ./pp.pem -in proof-r1cs.pem -r1cs_constraint "a*a-b"
The proof is valid

$ tongsuo bulletproofs -verify -pp_in ./pp.pem -in proof-r1cs.pem -r1cs_constraint "a*a-b+a*a-b"
The proof is invalid

$ tongsuo bulletproofs -verify -pp_in ./pp.pem -in proof-r1cs.pem -r1cs_constraint "a*5-b"
The proof is invalid

$ tongsuo bulletproofs -verify -pp_in ./pp.pem -in proof-range.pem
The proof is valid

$ tongsuo bulletproofs -verify -pp_in ./pp.pem -in proof-range-exceeded.pem
The proof is invalid

验证 R1CS 的 Proof 时须要指定雷同的约束条件参数 -r1cs_constraint,否则验证失败。须要留神的是表达式肯定要统一,即便 a 和 b 的其余运算也能为 0,但不统一的约束条件会导致外部运算逻辑与 Prove 不统一而验证失败。

如上后果,能够看出,与 Prove 统一的约束条件的验证后果无效,其余有效,在范畴内的 Proof 验证后果无效,超出范围的验证有效。

接口阐明

接口文档正在编写中,敬请期待后续系列文章。

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