关于javascript:5个常见的useState错误

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尽管 useState 是一个简略易用的工具,但仍有许多开发人员在应用它时犯了谬误。在代码审查中,我常常看到即便是有教训的开发人员也会犯这些谬误。

在本文中,我将通过简略实用的示例向您展现如何防止这些谬误。

谬误地获取上一个值

在应用 setState 时,能够将上一个状态作为回调的参数进行拜访。不应用它可能会导致意外的状态更新。咱们将通过一个典型的计数器示例来阐明这个谬误。

import {useCallback, useState} from "react";

export default function App() {const [counter, setCounter] = useState(0);

  const handleIncrement = useCallback(() => {setCounter(counter + 1);
  }, [counter]);

  const handleDelayedIncrement = useCallback(() => {
    // 这里的 counter +1 就是一个问题当 setTimeout 进行回调的时候 counter 值可能曾经变动了
    setTimeout(() => setCounter(counter + 1), 1000);
  }, [counter]);

  return (
    <div>
      <h1>{`Counter is ${counter}`}</h1>
      {/* This handler works just fine */}
      <button onClick={handleIncrement}>Instant increment</button>
      {/* Multi-clicking that handler causes unexpected states updates */}
      <button onClick={handleDelayedIncrement}>Delayed increment</button>
    </div>
  );
}

当初让咱们在设置状态时应用回调函数。请留神,这也将帮忙咱们从 useCallback 中删除不必要的依赖项。请记住这个解决方案! 这个问题在面试中常常被问到

import {useCallback, useState} from "react";

export default function App() {const [counter, setCounter] = useState(0);

  const handleIncrement = useCallback(() => {setCounter((prev) => prev + 1);
    // Dependency removed!
  }, []);

  const handleDelayedIncrement = useCallback(() => {
    // 应用回调函数无效的帮咱们解决 state 状态不统一的问题
    setTimeout(() => setCounter((prev) => prev + 1), 1000);
    // Dependency removed!
  }, []);

  return (
    <div>
      <h1>{`Counter is ${counter}`}</h1>

      <button onClick={handleIncrement}>Instant increment</button>
      <button onClick={handleDelayedIncrement}>Delayed increment</button>
    </div>
  );
}

在 useState 中存储全局状态

useState 只适宜存储组件的部分状态。这能够包含输出值、切换标记等。全局状态属于整个应用程序,不仅仅与一个特定的组件相干。如果您的数据在多个页面或小部件中应用,请思考将其放入全局状态中(如 React Context、Redux、MobX 等)。

让咱们通过一个示例来阐明。这个示例非常简单,然而假如咱们行将领有一个更加简单的应用程序。因而,组件档次将十分深,用户状态将在整个应用程序中应用。在这种状况下,咱们应该将咱们的状态拆散到全局范畴,这样它能够轻松地从应用程序的任何中央拜访(而且咱们不用将 props 传递到 20-40 级别)。

import React, {useState} from "react";

// Passing props
function PageFirst(user) {return user.name;}

// Passing props
function PageSecond(user) {return user.surname;}

export default function App() {
  // User state 将会到处被应用,而且组件嵌套层级也会很深
  const [user] = useState({name: "Pavel", surname: "Pogosov"});

  return (
    <>
      <PageFirst user={user} />
      <PageSecond user={user} />
    </>
  );
}

在这里,咱们应该优先应用全局状态,而不是应用部分状态。让咱们应用 React Context 重写这个示例。

import React, {createContext, useContext, useMemo, useState} from "react";

// Created context
const UserContext = createContext();

// That component separates user context from app, so we don't pollute it
function UserContextProvider({children}) {const [name, setName] = useState("Pavel");
  const [surname, setSurname] = useState("Pogosov");

  // We want to remember value reference, otherwise we will have unnecessary rerenders
  const value = useMemo(() => {
    return {
      name,
      surname,
      setName,
      setSurname
    };
  }, [name, surname]);

  return <UserContext.Provider value={value}>{children}</UserContext.Provider>;
}

function PageFirst() {const { name} = useContext(UserContext);

  return name;
}

function PageSecond() {const { surname} = useContext(UserContext);

  return surname;
}

export default function App() {
  return (
    <UserContextProvider>
      <PageFirst />
      <PageSecond />
    </UserContextProvider>
  );
}

当初咱们能够轻松地从应用程序的任何局部拜访全局状态。这比应用纯 useState 要不便和清晰得多。

遗记初始化状态

这个谬误可能会在代码执行过程中引起谬误。您可能曾经看到了这种类型的谬误,它被命名为“无奈读取未定义的属性”。

import React, {useEffect, useState} from "react";

// Fetch users func. I don't handle error here, but you should always do it!
async function fetchUsers() {
  const usersResponse = await fetch(`https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/users`);
  const users = await usersResponse.json();

  return users;
}

export default function App() {
  // No initial state here, so users === undefined, until setUsers
  const [users, setUsers] = useState();

  useEffect(() => {fetchUsers().then(setUsers);
  }, []);

  return (
    <div>
      {/* Error, can't read properties of undefined */}}
      {users.map(({id, name, email}) => (<div key={id}>
          <h4>{name}</h4>
          <h6>{email}</h6>
        </div>
      ))}
    </div>
  );
}

纠正这个谬误和犯这个谬误一样容易!咱们应该将咱们的状态设置为一个空数组。如果您想不出任何初始状态,您能够搁置 null 并解决它。

import React, {useEffect, useState} from "react";

async function fetchUsers() {
  const response = await fetch(`https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/users`);
  const users = await response.json();

  return users;
}

export default function App() {// If it doesn't cause errors in your case, it's still a good tone to always initialize it (even with null)
  const [users, setUsers] = useState([]);

  useEffect(() => {fetchUsers().then(setUsers);
  }, []);

  // 如果想要有更好的用户体验能够加上 loading
  // if (users.length === 0) return <Loading />

  return (
    <div>
      {users.map(({id, name, email}) => (<div key={id}>
          <h4>{name}</h4>
          <h6>{email}</h6>
        </div>
      ))}
    </div>
  );
}

扭转属性值而不是返回新的状态

在任何时候都不应该扭转 state 对象的属性值,因为 react 更新的时候对于简单数据类型是做的浅比拟。

import {useCallback, useState} from "react";

export default function App() {
  // Initialize State
  const [userInfo, setUserInfo] = useState({
    name: "Pavel",
    surname: "Pogosov"
  });

  // field is either name or surname
  const handleChangeInfo = useCallback((field) => {
    // e is input onChange event
    return (e) => {setUserInfo((prev) => {
        // Here we are mutating prev state.
        // That simply won't work as React doesn't recognise the change
        prev[field] = e.target.value;

        return prev;
      });
    };
  }, []);

  return (
    <div>
      <h2>{`Name = ${userInfo.name}`}</h2>
      <h2>{`Surname = ${userInfo.surname}`}</h2>

      <input value={userInfo.name} onChange={handleChangeInfo("name")} />
      <input value={userInfo.surname} onChange={handleChangeInfo("surname")} />
    </div>
  );
}

解决办法非常简单。咱们应该防止扭转属性值,而是返回一个新状态。

import {useCallback, useState} from "react";

export default function App() {const [userInfo, setUserInfo] = useState({
    name: "Pavel",
    surname: "Pogosov"
  });

  const handleChangeInfo = useCallback((field) => {return (e) => {
      // Now it works!
      setUserInfo((prev) => ({
        // So when we update name, surname stays in state and vice versa
        ...prev,
        [field]: e.target.value
      }));
    };
  }, []);

  return (
    <div>
      <h2>{`Name = ${userInfo.name}`}</h2>
      <h2>{`Surname = ${userInfo.surname}`}</h2>

      <input value={userInfo.name} onChange={handleChangeInfo("name")} />
      <input value={userInfo.surname} onChange={handleChangeInfo("surname")} />
    </div>
  );
}

Hooks 逻辑的复制粘贴

所有的 React hooks 都是可组合的,意味着它们能够组合在一起来封装特定的逻辑。这使您能够构建自定义 hooks,而后在整个应用程序中应用它们。

看一下上面的示例。对于这个简略的逻辑来说,它不是有点冗余吗?

import React, {useCallback, useState} from "react";

export default function App() {const [name, setName] = useState("");
  const [surname, setSurname] = useState("");

  const handleNameChange = useCallback((e) => {setName(e.target.value);
  }, []);

  const handleSurnameChange = useCallback((e) => {setSurname(e.target.value);
  }, []);

  return (
    <div>
      <input value={name} onChange={handleNameChange} />
      <input value={surname} onChange={handleSurnameChange} />
    </div>
  );
}

咱们如何简化咱们的代码?基本上,咱们在这里做了两次雷同的事件——申明部分状态,并解决 onChange 事件。这能够轻松地拆散为一个自定义 hook,让咱们称其为 useInput!

import React, {useCallback, useState} from "react";

function useInput(defaultValue = "") {
  // We declare this state only once!
  const [value, setValue] = useState(defaultValue);

  // We write this handler only once!
  const handleChange = useCallback((e) => {setValue(e.target.value);
  }, []);

  // Cases when we need setValue are also possible
  return [value, handleChange, setValue];
}

export default function App() {const [name, onChangeName] = useInput("Pavel");
  const [surname, onChangeSurname] = useInput("Pogosov");

  return (
    <div>
      <input value={name} onChange={onChangeName} />
      <input value={surname} onChange={onChangeSurname} />
    </div>
  );
}

咱们将输出逻辑拆散到了专用的 hook 中,当初应用起来更加不便了。React hooks 是一个十分弱小的工具,不要遗记应用它们!对于这个问题我之前发了专门的文章来论述

资源

  • React hooks official documentation.
  • React Context official documentation.
  • Awesome hooks library for React.

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