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本文作者是一位有着 20 年编程生涯的骨灰级程序员，从 Basic、C 到 Java、JavaScript，从码农到研究员到 CTO，他始终沉闷在编程的第一线。本文是他 20 年职业生涯总结下来的编程准则。
我从 1999 年就开始了编程生涯，到往年曾经有 20 多年了。我先是从 Basic 开始，很快转到了 Pascal 和 C 语言，而后又学习了面向对象编程语言 Delphi 和 C++。2006 年，我开始应用 Java，2011 年开始应用 JavaScript。我参加过各个行业的软件开发，从机器人、金融科技、医疗到媒体和通信。我还负责过研究员、CTO、TPM（技术产品经理）、老师、零碎架构师和技术负责人，但不管怎样，我始终都在编程。在我参加过的我的项目当中，有些为数百万人提供服务，有些在公布之前就宣告失败。我做过征询参谋，还开办过本人的公司。我在开源我的项目、闭源我的项目和外部开源我的项目上花了很多工夫，从微控制器到挪动利用、桌面利用，再到云服务和无服务器架构。
我把过来 20 年积攒的一些最为重要的编程准则总结如下：
1、不要纠结于开发工具——不论是库、编程语言还是平台。尽可能应用原生的构件。不要扭曲技术，也不要扭曲了问题自身。为要解决的问题抉择适合的工具，否则你要为你所抉择的工具重新安排你的工作。
2、你写的代码不是给机器看的，而是给你的共事和将来的你看的（除非你写的是一次性代码或汇编代码）。写代码的时候要考虑一下高级开发者，他们会把你的代码作为参考。
3、优良的软件是合作开发的后果。高效沟通，进行开放式的合作。信任他人，并让别人也信赖你。尊重别人胜过尊重代码。言传身教，把你的追随者变成领导者。
4、分而治之。为拆散的关注点开发独自的低耦合模块。进行独自的模块测试和集成测试。尽可能依照理论状况测试，同时也要测试到各种边界状况。
5、不要把本人与代码捆绑在一起，要想方法让其他人也能批改你的代码或者增加新的性能，这样你能力更容易脱身去参加其余我的项目，或者去其余公司。不要捆绑本人，否则你很难成长。
6、安全性是分层的，每一层须要进行独自的评估，同时又与整体相干。危险是一个业务决策，与脆弱性和概率有间接的关系。每一个产品或组织都有不同的危险偏好（为了取得更大的收益，他们违心承担风险）。通常这三个关注点之间存在互相抵触：用户体验、安全性和性能。
7、要意识到每一行代码都有其生命周期，它们最终都会死掉。有时候，一些代码会在公布之前就死掉，所以要学会撒手。代码能够分为三种：一种是外围代码，就像汽车的引擎，没有了它，产品就毫无意义；一种是必要的代码，就像是汽车的备胎，平时用得少，但一旦须要，它决定了零碎的成败；一种是增值的代码，就像汽车的杯托，如果有那是再好不过，但如果没有也不会影响产品。
8、不要把你的集体标识融入到代码里，人和代码应该是拆散的。不要把其他人对代码的评估与你本身分割到一起，在评估别人的代码时也要非常审慎。
9、技术债权就像快餐一样，偶然欠下一点技术债权是可承受的，但如果你习惯了这样，它会毁掉你的产品（而且是以让你措手不及的形式）。
10、在寻找解决方案时，请依照这样的优先级进行决策：安全性 > 可用性（可拜访性和用户体验）> 可维护性 > 简略性（开发者体验）> 简洁性（代码量）> 性能。但不能自觉照搬，而是要依据产品的特点进行取舍。你积攒的教训越多，就越是可能在这些因素之间做出衡量。例如，在设计游戏引擎时，性能享有最高的优先级，但在开发银行应用程序时，安全性则最为重要。
11、拷贝粘贴是滋生 bug 的温床。对你所拷贝或导入的货色加以审查，bug 个别会藏身在复杂性中。依赖项简单没有关系，但不能让它存在于代码中。
12、不要只顾着写失常的代码，解决异样的代码也要好好写。让人们明确为什么会产生异样、如何检测到的以及怎么解决。对所有的零碎输出（包含用户输出）进行验证：尽早失败，并尽可能从谬误中复原。咱们要假如用户手里握着一把枪：你致力让用户输出一些其余的货色，而不是让他们的子弹射在你的脑门上。
13、不要应用依赖项，除非应用它们的老本比你本人写代码的成本低很多。因为应用依赖项要导入、保护、解决 bug，在必要的时候还要进行重构，这些都是老本。
14、远离“炒作驱动开发”，但你要去理解它们，做一些尝试。
15、走出舒服区，每天都要学习。把学到的货色分享进去。如果你以巨匠自居，就不是在学习。接触更多的编程语言、技术、文化，放弃一颗好奇心。
16、好代码不须要正文，而优良的代码提供了良好的正文，能够让任何一个原先没有参加代码演进、试错和需要过程的人更容易浏览、批改它。
17、尽量避免应用重载、继承和隐式的智能个性。应用纯函数，它们更容易测试和诊断，否则的话就应用类。实现不同性能的函数要应用不同的名字。
18、在彻底理解问题之前不要急着写代码。花在聆听和理解问题上的工夫通常比花在写代码上的工夫要多。在写代码之前要先理解问题域。问题就像迷宫一样，你要循序渐进，重复进行“编码 – 测试 – 改良”，直到把问题解决为止。
19、不要尝试去解决不存在的问题。不要进行投机性编程。只有在确定代码的确须要具备扩展性之后才让代码具备可扩展性。通常状况下，当代码被扩大之后，你会发现问题会变得与原先认为的不一样了。
20、大家一起开发软件会更加乏味。建设可继续倒退的社区。聆听，激发灵感，学习，分享。
我并不是软件开发方面的权威，但这些都是我一路走来总结进去的准则。我置信，20 年后，这些准则会发生变化，会变得更加成熟。
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