关于后端:DS-5230数据挖掘

DS 5230 Unsupervised Machine Learning and
Data Mining – Spring 2021 – Homework 1
Submission Instructions
• It is recommended that you complete this exercises in Python 3 and submit
your solutions as a Jupyter notebook.
• You may use any other language, as long as you include a README with
simple, clear instructions on how to run (and if necessary compile) your code.
• Please upload all files (code, README, written answers, etc.) to GradeScope
in a single zip file.
Exercise 1: Understanding Apriori and FP growth

Consider a dataset for frequent set mining as in the following table where we
have 6 binary features and each row represents a transaction.
TID Items
a. Illustrate the first three passes of the Apriori algorithm (set sizes 1, 2 and
3) for support threshold of 3 transactions. For each stage, list the candidate
sets Ck and the frequent sets Lk. What are the maximal frequent sets
discovered in the first 3 levels?
b. Pick one of the maximal sets that has more than 1 item, and check if any
of its subsets are association rules with support (i.e. frequency) at least
0.3 and confidence at least 0.6. Please explain your answer and show your
work.
Given the following transaction database, let the min support = 2, answer the
following questions.
a. Construct FP-tree from the transaction datasbase and draw it here.
b. Draw d’s conditional FP-tree, and find frequent patterns (i.e.itemsets)
based on d’s conditional FP-Tree.
Exercise 2: Probability Basics
Let X and Y be two independent random variables with densities p(x) and p(y),
respectively. Show the following two properties:
Ep(x,y)
[X + aY] = Ep(x)
[X] + aEp(y)
[Y] (1)
Varp(x,y)
[X + aY] = Varp(x)
[X] + a
2Varp(y)
[Y] (2)
for any scalar constant a ∈ R. Hint: use the definition of expectation and
variance,
Ep(x)
[X] = Z
x
p(x)xdx (3)
varp(x)
[X] = Ep(x)
[X
2
] − E
2
p(x)
[X] (4)
Let X be a random variable with Beta distribution,
p(x; α, β) = x
α−1
(1 − x)
β−1
B(α, β)
(5)
where B(α, β) is beta function. Prove that
E[X] = α
α + β
(6)
var[X] = αβ
(α + β)
2
(α + β + 1) (7)
2
Suppose we observe N i.i.d data points D = {x1, x2, …, xN}, where each
xn ∈ {1, 2, …, K} is a random variable with categorical (discrete) distribution
parameterized by θ = (θ1, θ2, …, θK), i.e.,
xn ∼ Cat(θ1, θ2, …, θK), n = 1, 2, …, N (8)
In detail, this distribution means that for a specific n, the random variable xn
follows P(xn = k) = θk, k = 1, 2, …, K.
Equivalently, we can also write the density function of a categorical distribution
as
p(xn) = Y
K
k=1
θ
I[xn=k]
k
(9)
where I[xn = k] is called identity function, and defined as
I[xn = k] =
1, if xn = k
0, otherwise (10)
a. Now we want to prove that the joint distribution of multiple i.i.d categorical
variables is a multinomial distribution. Show that the density function of
D = {x1, x2, …, xN} is
p(D|θ) = Y
K
k=1
θ
Nk
k
(11)
where Nk =
PN
n=1 I[xn = k] is the number of random variables belonging
to category k. In other word, D = {x1, x2, …, xN} follows a multinomial
distribution.
b. We often call p(D|θ) likelihood function, since it indicates the possibility
we observe this dataset given the model parameters θ. By Bayes rule, we
can rewrite the posterior as
p(θ|D) = p(D|θ)p(θ)
p(D)
(12)
where p(θ) is piror distribution which indicates our preknowledge about
the model parameters. And p(D) is the distribution of the observations
(data), which is constant w.r.t. posterior. Thus we can write
p(θ|D) ∝ p(D|θ)p(θ) (13)
If we assume the Dirichlet prior on θ, i.e.,
p(θ; α1, α2, …, αK) = Dir(θ; α1, α2, …, αK) = 1
where B(α) is Beta function and α = (α1, α2, …, αK).
3
Now try to derive the joint distribution p(D, θ) and ignore the constant
term w.r.t. α. Show that the posterior is actually also Dirichlet and
parameterized as follows:
p(θ|D) = Dir(θ; α1 + N1, α2 + N2, …, αK + NK) (15)
[In fact, this nice property is called conjugacy in machine learning. A general
statement is : If the prior distribution is conjuagate to the likelihood, then
the posterior will be the same distribution as the prior distribution. Search
conjugate prior and exponential family for more detail if you are interested.]
Before you work on implementation, you need to install Jupyter and PySpark
by reading Instructions on PySpark Installation.pdf
Exercise 3: Exploratory Analysis and Data Visualization
In this exercise, we will be looking at a public citation dataset from Aminer (https:
//aminer.org/), a free online service used to index and search academic social
networks. You will perform some exploratory analysis and data visualization for this
dataset. The dataset is up to the year 2012 and can be downloaded in the attached
file called q3 dataset.txt. We show an example item format in README.txt.
The ArnetMiner public citation dataset is a real world dataset containing lots of
noise. For example, you may see a venue name like“The Truth About Managing
People…And Nothing But the Truth”. However, you are not expected to do data
cleaning in this phase.
Count the number of distinct authors, publication venues (conferences and
journals), and publications in the dataset.
a. List each of the counts.
b. Are these numbers likely to be accurate? As an example look up all the
publications venue names associated with the conference“Principles and
Practice of Knowledge Discovery in Databases”1
.
c. In addition to the problem in 1.b, what other problems arises when you
try to determine the number of distinct authors in a dataset?
We will now look at the publications associated with each author and venue.
a. For each author, construct the list of publications. Plot a histogram of the
number of publications per author (use a logarithmic scale on the y axis).
1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki…
4
b. Calculate the mean and standard deviation of the number of publications
per author. Also calculate the Q1 (1st quartile2
), Q2 (2nd quartile, or
median) and Q3 (3rd quartile) values. Compare the median to the mean
and explain the difference between the two values based on the standard
deviation and the 1st and 3rd quartiles.
c. Now construct a list of publications for each venue. Plot a histogram of
the number of publications per venue. Also calculate the mean, standard
deviation, median, Q1 and Q3 values. What is the venue with the largest
number of publications in the dataset?
Now construct the list of references (that is, the cited publications) for each
publication. Then in turn use this set to calculate the number of citations for
each publication (that is, the number of times a publication is cited).
a. Plot a histogram of the number of references and citations per publication.
What is the publication with the largest number of references? What is
the publication with the largest number of citations?
b. Calculate the so called impact factor for each venue. To do so, calculate
the total number of citations for the publications in the venue, and then
divide this number by the number of publications for the venue. Plot a
histogram of the results.
c. What is the venue with the highest apparent impact factor? Do you believe
this number?
d. Now repeat the calculation from part b, but restrict the calculation to
venues with at least 10 publications. How does your histogram change?
List the citation counts for all publications from the venue with the highest
impact factor. How does the impact factor (mean number of citations)
compare to the median number of citations?
e. Finally, construct a list of publications for each publication year. Use
this list to plot the average number of references and average number of
citations per publication as a function of time. Explain the differences you
see in the trends.
Exercise 4: Market Basket Analysis of Academic Communities
In this problem, you will try to apply frequent pattern mining techniques to the real
world bibliographic dataset from Aminer (https://aminer.org/). One thing worth
noting is that you are required consider the whole dataset, instead of running with
part of the dataset. You may use any Apriori or FP-growth implementation that is
made available in existing libraries. We recommend that you use the implementation
in Spark (http://spark.apache.org/).
2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki…
5
The dataset included with this problem is q4 dataset.txt. Parse this data, and
comment on how it differs from the previous file (q3 dataset.txt), in terms of
number of publications, authors, venues, references, and years of publication.
Coauthor discovery: Please use FP-Growth to analyze coauthor relationships,
treating each paper as a basket of authors.
a. What happens when you successively decrease the support threshold using
the values {1e-4, 1e-5, 0.5e-5, 1e-6}?
b. Keep threshold = 0.5e-5 and report the top 5 co-authors for these researchers:
Rakesh Agrawal, Jiawei Han, Zoubin Ghahramani and Christos Faloutsos
according to frequency.
Academic community discovery: In computer science communities tend to
organize around conferences. Here are 5 key conferences for areas of data science
• Machine learning: NIPS/NeurIPS (Neural Information Processing Systems)3
• Data mining: KDD (Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining)
• Databases: VLDB (Very Large Data Bases)
• Computer networks: INFOCOM (International Conference on Computer
Communications)
• Natural language processing: ACL (Association for Computational Linguistics)
a. We will now use FP growth to analyze academic communities. To do so,
represent each author as a basket in which the items are the venues in which
the author has at least one publication. What happens as you decrease the
support threshold using values {1e-3, 5e-4, 1e-4}?
b. Keep the threshold=5e-4 and report results. For each of those 5 key
conferences, please report the top 3 venues that authors also publish in.
3NIPS is today abbreviated as NeurIPS, but this dataset only contains references to NIPS.