Recently I will deliver a session regarding dependency inversion principle to my team.

As Java Spring is already widely used in all other Java development teams in my site, some ABAPers are not well aware of its idea and implementation under the hood. In order for ABAPers to easily understand the mechanism of Java Spring dependency inversion, I wrote a prototype in ABAP after going through related Java source code of Spring.

Before I start, I perform the search in SCN. There are already several excellent blogs written regarding dependency injection in ABAP:

• ABAP Dependency Injection – An implementation approach
• Shoot Me Up ABAP
• Dependency Injection for ABAP
• MockA in github

Compared with those blogs, the advantage of my prototype is: it follows exactly the design of Java Spring, it is not needed for users to do any other manual dependency registration except a single annotation @Inject. So it is useful for ABAPers to understand Spring dependency internal implementation.

Let me begin with a simple example. In real world I have a switch. By pressing it, the lamp connected by that switch is turned on. With switch pressed for second time, the lamp is turned off. That’s all.

Implementation without using Dependency injection

I have an interface ZIF_SWITCHABLE with two simple methods:

And a ZCL_LAMP which simply implements this interface:

CLASS ZCL_LAMP IMPLEMENTATION.
method ZIF_SWITCHABLE~OFF.
    WRITE: / 'lamp off'.
  endmethod.

 method ZIF_SWITCHABLE~ON.
    WRITE: / 'lamp on'.
  endmethod.
ENDCLASS.

And a switch which internally maintains the current switch status and a reference to ZIF_SWITCHABLE:

The switch has a push method to toggle:

METHOD push.
    IF isswitchon = abap_true.
      mo_switchable->off( ).
      isswitchon = abap_false.
    ELSE.
      mo_switchable->on( ).
      isswitchon = abap_true.
    ENDIF.
 ENDMETHOD.

And a setter method is needed to inject the switchable instance:

method SET_SWITCHABLE.
    mo_switchable = io_switchable.
endmethod.

These two classes and one interface are put to the following package:

Consumer code – version one without using dependency injection

Here the ZCL_SWITCH has tight dependency on ZCL_LAMP: it has to manually inject this dependency via setter method in line 11.

Let’s summarize how many manual / unnecessary operations are done by consumer:

• line 8: create lamp instance
• line 9: create switch instance
• line 11: connect switch with lamp

Implementation using ABAP Summer

I call my prototype as ABAP Summer just to show my admire on Java Spring

When the same requirement is implemented in Java Spring, the logic in line 11 could completely be avoided, with help of various powerful annotation like@Autowired, @Named, @Inject etc. Thanks to Java Spring container, lots of labor work has been done by it under the hood, saving lots of routine effort from application developers so that they can only concentrate on the core business logic. For example, in Java using Spring, all developers need to do is to add annotation @Inject on top of attribute switchable – in the runtime Spring will guarantee that the annotated implementation for this interface is instantiated automatically.

How can we simulate the similar logic of Spring now in ABAP Summer?

(1) Add the annotation @Inject to attribute mo_switchable, which tells ABAP summer“hey, I would like this attribute to be automatically injected with proper implementation in the runtime”.

Since I have no other way to add metadata in class attribute in ABAP – there is no first class annotation supported in ABAP – I have to use description field for simulation.

(2) And below is my consumer code, no more manual instance initialization and manual setter call. Very clean, isn’t it?

data(summer) = zcl_summer=>get_instance( ).
data(lo_switch) = cast zcl_switch(summer->get_bean( EXPORTING iv_bean_name = 'ZCL_SWITCH') ).

lo_switch->push( ).
lo_switch->push().

Let’s make comparison. By using ABAP summer, consumer can simply get switch instance from container by passing bean technical name (here again, I use Spring terminology“bean”to name those ABAP classes which owns an injected member attribute with @Inject). This is exactly the way a Java developer doing daily work using Java Spring:

How does ABAP summer work?

There are lots of books written to illustrate the design of Java Spring, I read one of them listed below, and wrote this ABAP summer based on my understanding.

I draw a diagram below to explain the core method init of ABAP summer:

Last by not least, when you try this demo, after you copy the source code of ZCL_SWITCH to your system and activate it, NEVER forget to add this annotation in description field manually, as in ABAP, the attribute description is not stored in source code but in DB table.

More thought on ABAP annotation

The annotation in Java is a form of metadata which could be defined by application developer and are available in the runtime by Java reflection. It is a built-in language feature supported by JVM.

In ABAP there is no such first-class annotation supported. In CDS view, there are some grammar which have annotation-like style. You can append lots of annotation defined in SAP help to a CDS view.

However those annotation are not first-class annotation supported by ABAP language itself as well. It is just CDS view framework which parses the source code of these annotation and react accordingly. For details please see these two blogs of mine:

• My CDS view self study tutorial – Part 3 how is view source in Eclipse converted to ABAP view in the backend
• My CDS view self study tutorial – Part 4 how does annotation @OData.publish work

Further reading

I have written a series of blogs which compare the language feature among ABAP, JavaScript and Java. You can find a list of them below:

• Lazy Loading, Singleton and Bridge design pattern in JavaScript and in ABAP
• Functional programming – Simulate Curry in ABAP
• Functional Programming – Try Reduce in JavaScript and in ABAP
• Simulate Mockito in ABAP
• A simulation of Java Spring dependency injection annotation @Inject in ABAP
• Singleton bypass – ABAP and Java
• Weak reference in ABAP and Java
• Fibonacci Sequence in ES5, ES6 and ABAP
• Java byte code and ABAP Load
• How to write a correct program rejected by compiler: Exception handling in Java and in ABAP
• An small example to learn Garbage collection in Java and in ABAP
• String Template in ABAP, ES6, Angular and React
• Try to access static private attribute via ABAP RTTI and Java Reflection
• Local class in ABAP, Java and JavaScript
• Integer in ABAP, Java and JavaScript

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