代码基础

返回数组的形式

直接return array只会返回第一个元素哦!下面介绍四种返回数组方法

#include <iostream>
#include <string.h>
#include <math.h>

#define CITY_NUM 11000
class LbsIndexCity{
public:
    LbsIndexCity(int city_id):m_city_id(city_id){}
    int get_city_id(){
        return m_city_id;
    }
private:
    int m_city_id;
};
LbsIndexCity* m_city[CITY_NUM];

void add_m_city(int city_id){
    m_city[101]=new LbsIndexCity(city_id);
}
/*
1.
LbsIndexCity* (* get_m_city())[CITY_NUM]{
    return &m_city;
}
*/

/*
2.
typedef LbsIndexCity* arrT[CITY_NUM];
arrT * get_m_city(){
    return &m_city;
}
*/
/*
3.
auto get_m_city() -> LbsIndexCity*(*)[CITY_NUM]{
    return &m_city;
}
*/

LbsIndexCity* arrT[CITY_NUM]={nullptr};

decltype(arrT) *get_m_city(){
    return &m_city;
}


int main() {
    add_m_city(1001);
    LbsIndexCity* (*m_city)[CITY_NUM] = get_m_city();
    for(int city_id =0; city_id < CITY_NUM; city_id++) {
        if((*m_city)[city_id] == NULL){
            continue ;
        }else{
            std::cout <<(*m_city)[city_id]->get_city_id()<<std::endl;
        }
    }
    std::cout << "cyy,Hello, World!" <<std::endl;
    return 0;
}

单例

1.饿汉实现

/*饿汉实现
 * 由于要进行线程同步,所以在访问量比较大,或者可能访问的线程比较多时,采用饿汉实现,可以实现更好的性能。这是以空间换时间
 * 显示调用Destroy
 * */

template <class T>
class singleton{
private:
    static T* p;
    singleton(){}
    ~singleton(){}
public:
    static T* GetInstance();
    static void Destroy();  //需要在退出时显示调用


};
template <class T>
T* singleton<T>::p = new T();

template <class T>
T* singleton<T>::GetInstance(){
    return p;
}
template <class T>
void singleton<T>::Destroy(){
    if(p == nullptr){
        return ;
    }
    std::cout<<"delete~"<<std::endl;
    delete p;
}

2.懒汉实现 pthread_once,atexit(Destroy);

#include "pthread.h"
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <iostream>
/*懒汉实现
 * 在访问量较小时,采用懒汉实现,不到万不得已就不会去实例化类,也就是说在第一次用到类实例的时候才会去实例化
 * 显示调用析构
 * */
template <class T>
class singleton2
{
protected:
    singleton2(){};
private:
    singleton2(const singleton2&){};
    singleton2& operator=(const singleton2&){};
    static T* m_instance;
    static pthread_once_t m_once;
    //static pthread_mutex_t g_mutex;

public:
    static void Init();
    static void Destroy();
    static T* GetInstance();
};
template <class T>
void singleton2<T>::Destroy(){
    if(m_instance == nullptr){
        return ;
    }
    delete m_instance;
}
template <class T>
void singleton2<T>::Init()
{
    m_instance = new T();
    atexit(Destroy);
}

template <class T>
T* singleton2<T>::GetInstance()
{
    pthread_once(&m_once,Init);
    return m_instance;
}

template <class T>
pthread_once_t singleton2<T>::m_once = PTHREAD_ONCE_INIT;

template <class T>
T* singleton2<T>::m_instance = NULL;

2.懒汉实现 锁,atexit(Destroy);

template <class T>
class singleton2
{
protected:
    singleton2(){};
private:
    singleton2(const singleton2&){};
    singleton2& operator=(const singleton2&){};
    static T* m_instance;
    static pthread_once_t m_once;
    //static pthread_mutex_t g_mutex;

public:
    static void Init();
    static void Destroy();
    static T* GetInstance();
};
template <class T>
void singleton2<T>::Destroy(){
    if(m_instance == nullptr){
        return ;
    }
    delete m_instance;
}

template <class T>
T* singleton2<T>::m_instance = NULL;

template <class T>
pthread_mutex_t singleton2<T> ::g_mutex = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;

template <class T>
T* singleton2<T>::GetInstance()
{
    if( m_instance == NULL)
    {
        pthread_mutex_lock(&g_mutex);
        if( m_instance == NULL)
        {
            T* ptmp = new T();
            m_instance = ptmp;   //防止多线程顺序
            atexit(Destroy)
        }
        pthread_mutex_unlock(&g_mutex);
    }
    return m_instance;
}

4.懒汉 静态对象,保证只有一个,不用new,不需要析构

template <class T>
class singleton3
{
protected:
    singleton3(){};
private:
    singleton3(const singleton3&){};
    singleton3& operator=(const singleton3&){};
    static pthread_mutex_t g_mutex;
public:
    static T* GetInstance();
};
template <class T>
T* singleton3<T>::GetInstance() {
    pthread_mutex_lock(&g_mutex);
    static T _instance;
    pthread_mutex_unlock(&g_mutex);
    return &_instance;
}
template <class T>
pthread_mutex_t singleton3<T> ::g_mutex = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;

5.测试函数

#include "pthread.h"
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <iostream>
class ApplicationImpl
{

public:
    ApplicationImpl()
    {
        std::cout << "ApplicationImpl ..." << std::endl;
    }

    ~ApplicationImpl()
    {
        std::cout << "~ApplicationImpl ..." << std::endl;
    }

    void Run()
    {
        std::cout << "Run ..." << std::endl;
    }
};
    typedef singleton3 < ApplicationImpl > Application;

    void *routine(void *arg)
    {
        Application::GetInstance()->Run();
    }


int main(void)
    {
        Application::GetInstance()->Run();

        pthread_t tid;
        int ret;
        if ((ret = pthread_create(&tid, NULL, routine, NULL)) != 0)
        {
            fprintf(stderr, "pthread create: %s\n", strerror(ret));
            exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
        }

        Application::GetInstance()->Run();

        pthread_join(tid, NULL);
        // Application::Destroy(); //第一个需要显示调用

        return 0;
    }

以上程序的几点说明:
1.静态成员与类本身相关,不是对象(成员函数不能声明const,不能用this指针)。可用返回类类型,普通只能是类&或类*,可使用静态成员作为默认实参
2.在类外部定义静态成员不能重复static关键字
3.静态成员函数可以在类内/外定义(内部是内联的)
静态成员不是构造函数初始化的,一般不再内部初始化,const类型需要在内部初始化时,也应该在类外部定义下
4.const未初始化的,要在构造函数显示初始化
5.A a;默认构造函数,不需手动事发昂,析构函数自动执行
A= New A(); 只有delete释放,堆,一次初始化多次使用,可做返回等,不适合频繁调用
A* a=NULL; 普通指针,未经过初始化,不需delete
模板:

禁止继承的类

通过友元+虚继承实现。F是N的友元,可以调用N的私有初始化函数,F可以构造,若M要继承F,由于F是虚继承,里边直接包含N的虚表,会直接调用N的构造函数为private报错。若F不是虚继承,F的函数内会绑定N的构造函数在F内,友元可以调用

template<typename T>
class NoneInherit {
    friend T;
private:
    NoneInherit() {
    }
    ~NoneInherit() {
    }
};

class Finalclass: virtual public NoneInherit<Finalclass> {
public:
    Finalclass() {
    }
    ~Finalclass() {
    }
};

虚函数:
若用基类指针,赋值子类对象的方法调用,对于没有声明被声明成虚函数的方法,代码中的调用在编译时就已经被绑定了实现,绑定的是基类的实现。虚函数会增加一个vftable虚函数表,在动态运行时调用。
虚继承:
若出现菱形继承,D->B虚继承,C虚继承->A,D会因为B,C共同继承A有公共的一些成员变量和方法是相同的。如果用A指针指向D类的实例,则对于共同的成员变量和方法,编译器无法判断是要使用B类中的还是使用C类中的。增加虚指针,虚继承的成员由D直接访问A的。
非虚继承

class LandAnimal    size(12):
1>      +---
1>   0  | +--- (base class Animal)
1>   0  | | {vfptr}
1>   4  | | name
1>      | +---
1>   8  | numLegs
1>      +---
1>
1>  LandAnimal::$vftable@:
1>      | &LandAnimal_meta
1>      |  0
1>   0  | &Animal::breathe
1>   1  | &LandAnimal::run
1>
1>  class Mammal    size(12):
1>      +---
1>   0  | +--- (base class Animal)
1>   0  | | {vfptr}
1>   4  | | name
1>      | +---
1>   8  | numBreasts
1>      +---
1>
1>  Mammal::$vftable@:
1>      | &Mammal_meta
1>      |  0
1>   0  | &Animal::breathe
1>   1  | &Mammal::milk
1>
1>  class Human size(28):
1>      +---
1>   0  | +--- (base class Mammal)
1>   0  | | +--- (base class Animal)
1>   0  | | | {vfptr}
1>   4  | | | name
1>      | | +---
1>   8  | | numBreasts
1>      | +---
1>  12  | +--- (base class LandAnimal)
1>  12  | | +--- (base class Animal)
1>  12  | | | {vfptr}
1>  16  | | | name
1>      | | +---
1>  20  | | numLegs
1>      | +---
1>  24  | race
1>      +---
1>
1>  Human::$vftable@Mammal@:
1>      | &Human_meta
1>      |  0
1>   0  | &Animal::breathe
1>   1  | &Human::milk
1>
1>  Human::$vftable@LandAnimal@:
1>      | -12
1>   0  | &Animal::breathe
1>   1  | &Human::run

虚继承:

1>  class LandAnimal    size(20):
1>      +---
1>   0  | {vfptr}
1>   4  | {vbptr}
1>   8  | numLegs
1>      +---
1>      +--- (virtual base Animal)
1>  12  | {vfptr}
1>  16  | name
1>      +---
1>
1>  LandAnimal::$vftable@LandAnimal@:
1>      | &LandAnimal_meta
1>      |  0
1>   0  | &LandAnimal::run
1>
1>  LandAnimal::$vbtable@:
1>   0  | -4
1>   1  | 8 (LandAnimald(LandAnimal+4)Animal)
1>
1>  LandAnimal::$vftable@Animal@:
1>      | -12
1>   0  | &Animal::breathe
1>
1>  class Mammal    size(20):
1>      +---
1>   0  | {vfptr}
1>   4  | {vbptr}
1>   8  | numBreasts
1>      +---
1>      +--- (virtual base Animal)
1>  12  | {vfptr}
1>  16  | name
1>      +---
1>
1>  Mammal::$vftable@Mammal@:
1>      | &Mammal_meta
1>      |  0
1>   0  | &Mammal::milk
1>
1>  Mammal::$vbtable@:
1>   0  | -4
1>   1  | 8 (Mammald(Mammal+4)Animal)
1>
1>  Mammal::$vftable@Animal@:
1>      | -12
1>   0  | &Animal::breathe
1>
1>  class Human size(36):
1>      +---
1>   0  | +--- (base class Mammal)
1>   0  | | {vfptr}
1>   4  | | {vbptr}
1>   8  | | numBreasts
1>      | +---
1>  12  | +--- (base class LandAnimal)
1>  12  | | {vfptr}
1>  16  | | {vbptr}
1>  20  | | numLegs
1>      | +---
1>  24  | race
1>      +---
1>      +--- (virtual base Animal)
1>  28  | {vfptr}
1>  32  | name
1>      +---
1>
1>  Human::$vftable@Mammal@:
1>      | &Human_meta
1>      |  0
1>   0  | &Human::milk
1>
1>  Human::$vftable@LandAnimal@:
1>      | -12
1>   0  | &Human::run
1>
1>  Human::$vbtable@Mammal@:
1>   0  | -4
1>   1  | 24 (Humand(Mammal+4)Animal)
1>
1>  Human::$vbtable@LandAnimal@:
1>   0  | -4
1>   1  | 12 (Humand(LandAnimal+4)Animal)
1>
1>  Human::$vftable@Animal@:
1>      | -28
1>   0  | &Human::breathe

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