返回数组的形式
直接return array只会返回第一个元素哦!下面介绍四种返回数组方法
#include <iostream>
#include <string.h>
#include <math.h>
#define CITY_NUM 11000
class LbsIndexCity{
public:
LbsIndexCity(int city_id):m_city_id(city_id){}
int get_city_id(){
return m_city_id;
}
private:
int m_city_id;
};
LbsIndexCity* m_city[CITY_NUM];
void add_m_city(int city_id){
m_city[101]=new LbsIndexCity(city_id);
}
/*
1.
LbsIndexCity* (* get_m_city())[CITY_NUM]{
return &m_city;
}
*/
/*
2.
typedef LbsIndexCity* arrT[CITY_NUM];
arrT * get_m_city(){
return &m_city;
}
*/
/*
3.
auto get_m_city() -> LbsIndexCity*(*)[CITY_NUM]{
return &m_city;
}
*/
LbsIndexCity* arrT[CITY_NUM]={nullptr};
decltype(arrT) *get_m_city(){
return &m_city;
}
int main() {
add_m_city(1001);
LbsIndexCity* (*m_city)[CITY_NUM] = get_m_city();
for(int city_id =0; city_id < CITY_NUM; city_id++) {
if((*m_city)[city_id] == NULL){
continue ;
}else{
std::cout <<(*m_city)[city_id]->get_city_id()<<std::endl;
}
}
std::cout << "cyy,Hello, World!" <<std::endl;
return 0;
}
单例
1.饿汉实现
/*饿汉实现
* 由于要进行线程同步,所以在访问量比较大,或者可能访问的线程比较多时,采用饿汉实现,可以实现更好的性能。这是以空间换时间
* 显示调用Destroy
* */
template <class T>
class singleton{
private:
static T* p;
singleton(){}
~singleton(){}
public:
static T* GetInstance();
static void Destroy(); //需要在退出时显示调用
};
template <class T>
T* singleton<T>::p = new T();
template <class T>
T* singleton<T>::GetInstance(){
return p;
}
template <class T>
void singleton<T>::Destroy(){
if(p == nullptr){
return ;
}
std::cout<<"delete~"<<std::endl;
delete p;
}
2.懒汉实现 pthread_once,atexit(Destroy);
#include "pthread.h"
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <iostream>
/*懒汉实现
* 在访问量较小时,采用懒汉实现,不到万不得已就不会去实例化类,也就是说在第一次用到类实例的时候才会去实例化
* 显示调用析构
* */
template <class T>
class singleton2
{
protected:
singleton2(){};
private:
singleton2(const singleton2&){};
singleton2& operator=(const singleton2&){};
static T* m_instance;
static pthread_once_t m_once;
//static pthread_mutex_t g_mutex;
public:
static void Init();
static void Destroy();
static T* GetInstance();
};
template <class T>
void singleton2<T>::Destroy(){
if(m_instance == nullptr){
return ;
}
delete m_instance;
}
template <class T>
void singleton2<T>::Init()
{
m_instance = new T();
atexit(Destroy);
}
template <class T>
T* singleton2<T>::GetInstance()
{
pthread_once(&m_once,Init);
return m_instance;
}
template <class T>
pthread_once_t singleton2<T>::m_once = PTHREAD_ONCE_INIT;
template <class T>
T* singleton2<T>::m_instance = NULL;
2.懒汉实现 锁,atexit(Destroy);
template <class T>
class singleton2
{
protected:
singleton2(){};
private:
singleton2(const singleton2&){};
singleton2& operator=(const singleton2&){};
static T* m_instance;
static pthread_once_t m_once;
//static pthread_mutex_t g_mutex;
public:
static void Init();
static void Destroy();
static T* GetInstance();
};
template <class T>
void singleton2<T>::Destroy(){
if(m_instance == nullptr){
return ;
}
delete m_instance;
}
template <class T>
T* singleton2<T>::m_instance = NULL;
template <class T>
pthread_mutex_t singleton2<T> ::g_mutex = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;
template <class T>
T* singleton2<T>::GetInstance()
{
if( m_instance == NULL)
{
pthread_mutex_lock(&g_mutex);
if( m_instance == NULL)
{
T* ptmp = new T();
m_instance = ptmp; //防止多线程顺序
atexit(Destroy)
}
pthread_mutex_unlock(&g_mutex);
}
return m_instance;
}
4.懒汉 静态对象,保证只有一个,不用new,不需要析构
template <class T>
class singleton3
{
protected:
singleton3(){};
private:
singleton3(const singleton3&){};
singleton3& operator=(const singleton3&){};
static pthread_mutex_t g_mutex;
public:
static T* GetInstance();
};
template <class T>
T* singleton3<T>::GetInstance() {
pthread_mutex_lock(&g_mutex);
static T _instance;
pthread_mutex_unlock(&g_mutex);
return &_instance;
}
template <class T>
pthread_mutex_t singleton3<T> ::g_mutex = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;
5.测试函数
#include "pthread.h"
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <iostream>
class ApplicationImpl
{
public:
ApplicationImpl()
{
std::cout << "ApplicationImpl ..." << std::endl;
}
~ApplicationImpl()
{
std::cout << "~ApplicationImpl ..." << std::endl;
}
void Run()
{
std::cout << "Run ..." << std::endl;
}
};
typedef singleton3 < ApplicationImpl > Application;
void *routine(void *arg)
{
Application::GetInstance()->Run();
}
int main(void)
{
Application::GetInstance()->Run();
pthread_t tid;
int ret;
if ((ret = pthread_create(&tid, NULL, routine, NULL)) != 0)
{
fprintf(stderr, "pthread create: %s\n", strerror(ret));
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
Application::GetInstance()->Run();
pthread_join(tid, NULL);
// Application::Destroy(); //第一个需要显示调用
return 0;
}
以上程序的几点说明:
1.静态成员与类本身相关,不是对象(成员函数不能声明const,不能用this指针)。可用返回类类型,普通只能是类&或类*,可使用静态成员作为默认实参
2.在类外部定义静态成员不能重复static关键字
3.静态成员函数可以在类内/外定义(内部是内联的)
静态成员不是构造函数初始化的,一般不再内部初始化,const类型需要在内部初始化时,也应该在类外部定义下
4.const未初始化的,要在构造函数显示初始化
5.A a;默认构造函数,不需手动事发昂,析构函数自动执行
A= New A(); 只有delete释放,堆,一次初始化多次使用,可做返回等,不适合频繁调用
A* a=NULL; 普通指针,未经过初始化,不需delete
模板:
禁止继承的类
通过友元+虚继承实现。F是N的友元,可以调用N的私有初始化函数,F可以构造,若M要继承F,由于F是虚继承,里边直接包含N的虚表,会直接调用N的构造函数为private报错。若F不是虚继承,F的函数内会绑定N的构造函数在F内,友元可以调用
template<typename T>
class NoneInherit {
friend T;
private:
NoneInherit() {
}
~NoneInherit() {
}
};
class Finalclass: virtual public NoneInherit<Finalclass> {
public:
Finalclass() {
}
~Finalclass() {
}
};
虚函数:
若用基类指针,赋值子类对象的方法调用,对于没有声明被声明成虚函数的方法,代码中的调用在编译时就已经被绑定了实现,绑定的是基类的实现。虚函数会增加一个vftable虚函数表,在动态运行时调用。
虚继承:
若出现菱形继承,D->B虚继承,C虚继承->A,D会因为B,C共同继承A有公共的一些成员变量和方法是相同的。如果用A指针指向D类的实例,则对于共同的成员变量和方法,编译器无法判断是要使用B类中的还是使用C类中的。增加虚指针,虚继承的成员由D直接访问A的。
非虚继承
class LandAnimal size(12):
1> +---
1> 0 | +--- (base class Animal)
1> 0 | | {vfptr}
1> 4 | | name
1> | +---
1> 8 | numLegs
1> +---
1>
1> LandAnimal::$vftable@:
1> | &LandAnimal_meta
1> | 0
1> 0 | &Animal::breathe
1> 1 | &LandAnimal::run
1>
1> class Mammal size(12):
1> +---
1> 0 | +--- (base class Animal)
1> 0 | | {vfptr}
1> 4 | | name
1> | +---
1> 8 | numBreasts
1> +---
1>
1> Mammal::$vftable@:
1> | &Mammal_meta
1> | 0
1> 0 | &Animal::breathe
1> 1 | &Mammal::milk
1>
1> class Human size(28):
1> +---
1> 0 | +--- (base class Mammal)
1> 0 | | +--- (base class Animal)
1> 0 | | | {vfptr}
1> 4 | | | name
1> | | +---
1> 8 | | numBreasts
1> | +---
1> 12 | +--- (base class LandAnimal)
1> 12 | | +--- (base class Animal)
1> 12 | | | {vfptr}
1> 16 | | | name
1> | | +---
1> 20 | | numLegs
1> | +---
1> 24 | race
1> +---
1>
1> Human::$vftable@Mammal@:
1> | &Human_meta
1> | 0
1> 0 | &Animal::breathe
1> 1 | &Human::milk
1>
1> Human::$vftable@LandAnimal@:
1> | -12
1> 0 | &Animal::breathe
1> 1 | &Human::run
虚继承:
1> class LandAnimal size(20):
1> +---
1> 0 | {vfptr}
1> 4 | {vbptr}
1> 8 | numLegs
1> +---
1> +--- (virtual base Animal)
1> 12 | {vfptr}
1> 16 | name
1> +---
1>
1> LandAnimal::$vftable@LandAnimal@:
1> | &LandAnimal_meta
1> | 0
1> 0 | &LandAnimal::run
1>
1> LandAnimal::$vbtable@:
1> 0 | -4
1> 1 | 8 (LandAnimald(LandAnimal+4)Animal)
1>
1> LandAnimal::$vftable@Animal@:
1> | -12
1> 0 | &Animal::breathe
1>
1> class Mammal size(20):
1> +---
1> 0 | {vfptr}
1> 4 | {vbptr}
1> 8 | numBreasts
1> +---
1> +--- (virtual base Animal)
1> 12 | {vfptr}
1> 16 | name
1> +---
1>
1> Mammal::$vftable@Mammal@:
1> | &Mammal_meta
1> | 0
1> 0 | &Mammal::milk
1>
1> Mammal::$vbtable@:
1> 0 | -4
1> 1 | 8 (Mammald(Mammal+4)Animal)
1>
1> Mammal::$vftable@Animal@:
1> | -12
1> 0 | &Animal::breathe
1>
1> class Human size(36):
1> +---
1> 0 | +--- (base class Mammal)
1> 0 | | {vfptr}
1> 4 | | {vbptr}
1> 8 | | numBreasts
1> | +---
1> 12 | +--- (base class LandAnimal)
1> 12 | | {vfptr}
1> 16 | | {vbptr}
1> 20 | | numLegs
1> | +---
1> 24 | race
1> +---
1> +--- (virtual base Animal)
1> 28 | {vfptr}
1> 32 | name
1> +---
1>
1> Human::$vftable@Mammal@:
1> | &Human_meta
1> | 0
1> 0 | &Human::milk
1>
1> Human::$vftable@LandAnimal@:
1> | -12
1> 0 | &Human::run
1>
1> Human::$vbtable@Mammal@:
1> 0 | -4
1> 1 | 24 (Humand(Mammal+4)Animal)
1>
1> Human::$vbtable@LandAnimal@:
1> 0 | -4
1> 1 | 12 (Humand(LandAnimal+4)Animal)
1>
1> Human::$vftable@Animal@:
1> | -28
1> 0 | &Human::breathe
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