前言Rsync代表"remote sync"，它是本地和远程主机文件同步工具。它只同步更改的文件，以此实现最小化传输数据。rsync的使用场景非常丰富，相信大家会经常使用，这里做下简单的总结。rsync安装配置实践更新历史2019年03月01日 - 初稿阅读原文 - https://wsgzao.github.io/post…扩展阅读rsync - https://www.samba.org/rsync/rsync简介rsync is a file transfer program capable of efficient remote update via a fast differencing algorithm.rsync 是类 unix 系统下的数据镜像备份工具，从软件的命名上就可以看出来了 ——remote sync。它的特性如下：可以镜像保存整个目录树和文件系统可以很容易做到保持原来文件的权限、时间、软硬链接等等无须特殊权限即可安装优化的流程，文件传输效率高可以使用 rsh、ssh 等方式来传输文件，当然也可以通过直接的 socket 连接支持匿名传输在使用 rsync 进行远程同步时，可以使用两种方式：远程 Shell 方式（用户验证由 ssh 负责）和 C/S 方式（即客户连接远程 rsync 服务器，用户验证由 rsync 服务器负责）。无论本地同步目录还是远程同步数据，首次运行时将会把全部文件拷贝一次，以后再运行时将只拷贝有变化的文件（对于新文件）或文件的变化部分（对于原有文件）。rsync源配置文件示例# 编辑rsync配置文件vim /etc/rsync.conf# /etc/rsyncd: configuration file for rsync daemon mode# See rsyncd.conf man page for more options.# configuration example:# uid = nobody# gid = nobody# use chroot = yes# max connections = 4# pid file = /var/run/rsyncd.pid# exclude = lost+found/# transfer logging = yes# timeout = 900# ignore nonreadable = yes# dont compress = *.gz *.tgz *.zip *.z *.Z *.rpm *.deb *.bz2# [ftp]# path = /home/ftp# comment = ftp export arearsyncd.conf 官方文档请参考https://www.samba.org/ftp/rsy…rsync常用参数注: 在指定复制源时，路径是否有最后的 “/” 有不同的含义，例如：/data 表示将整个 /data 目录复制到目标目录/data/ 表示将 /data/ 目录中的所有内容复制到目标目录rsync is a file transfer program capable of efficient remote update via a fast differencing algorithm.Usage: rsync [OPTION]… SRC [SRC]… DEST or rsync [OPTION]… SRC [SRC]… [USER@]HOST:DEST or rsync [OPTION]… SRC [SRC]… [USER@]HOST::DEST or rsync [OPTION]… SRC [SRC]… rsync://[USER@]HOST[:PORT]/DEST or rsync [OPTION]… [USER@]HOST:SRC [DEST] or rsync [OPTION]… [USER@]HOST::SRC [DEST] or rsync [OPTION]… rsync://[USER@]HOST[:PORT]/SRC [DEST]The ‘:’ usages connect via remote shell, while ‘::’ & ‘rsync://’ usages connectto an rsync daemon, and require SRC or DEST to start with a module name.Options -v, –verbose increase verbosity –info=FLAGS fine-grained informational verbosity –debug=FLAGS fine-grained debug verbosity –msgs2stderr special output handling for debugging -q, –quiet suppress non-error messages –no-motd suppress daemon-mode MOTD (see manpage caveat) -c, –checksum skip based on checksum, not mod-time & size -a, –archive archive mode; equals -rlptgoD (no -H,-A,-X) –no-OPTION turn off an implied OPTION (e.g. –no-D) -r, –recursive recurse into directories -R, –relative use relative path names –no-implied-dirs don’t send implied dirs with –relative -b, –backup make backups (see –suffix & –backup-dir) –backup-dir=DIR make backups into hierarchy based in DIR –suffix=SUFFIX set backup suffix (default ~ w/o –backup-dir) -u, –update skip files that are newer on the receiver –inplace update destination files in-place (SEE MAN PAGE) –append append data onto shorter files –append-verify like –append, but with old data in file checksum -d, –dirs transfer directories without recursing -l, –links copy symlinks as symlinks -L, –copy-links transform symlink into referent file/dir –copy-unsafe-links only “unsafe” symlinks are transformed –safe-links ignore symlinks that point outside the source tree –munge-links munge symlinks to make them safer (but unusable) -k, –copy-dirlinks transform symlink to a dir into referent dir -K, –keep-dirlinks treat symlinked dir on receiver as dir -H, –hard-links preserve hard links -p, –perms preserve permissions -E, –executability preserve the file’s executability –chmod=CHMOD affect file and/or directory permissions -A, –acls preserve ACLs (implies –perms) -X, –xattrs preserve extended attributes -o, –owner preserve owner (super-user only) -g, –group preserve group –devices preserve device files (super-user only) –copy-devices copy device contents as regular file –specials preserve special files -D same as –devices –specials -t, –times preserve modification times -O, –omit-dir-times omit directories from –times -J, –omit-link-times omit symlinks from –times –super receiver attempts super-user activities –fake-super store/recover privileged attrs using xattrs -S, –sparse handle sparse files efficiently –preallocate allocate dest files before writing them -n, –dry-run perform a trial run with no changes made -W, –whole-file copy files whole (without delta-xfer algorithm) -x, –one-file-system don’t cross filesystem boundaries -B, –block-size=SIZE force a fixed checksum block-size -e, –rsh=COMMAND specify the remote shell to use –rsync-path=PROGRAM specify the rsync to run on the remote machine –existing skip creating new files on receiver –ignore-existing skip updating files that already exist on receiver –remove-source-files sender removes synchronized files (non-dirs) –del an alias for –delete-during –delete delete extraneous files from destination dirs –delete-before receiver deletes before transfer, not during –delete-during receiver deletes during the transfer –delete-delay find deletions during, delete after –delete-after receiver deletes after transfer, not during –delete-excluded also delete excluded files from destination dirs –ignore-missing-args ignore missing source args without error –delete-missing-args delete missing source args from destination –ignore-errors delete even if there are I/O errors –force force deletion of directories even if not empty –max-delete=NUM don’t delete more than NUM files –max-size=SIZE don’t transfer any file larger than SIZE –min-size=SIZE don’t transfer any file smaller than SIZE –partial keep partially transferred files –partial-dir=DIR put a partially transferred file into DIR –delay-updates put all updated files into place at transfer’s end -m, –prune-empty-dirs prune empty directory chains from the file-list –numeric-ids don’t map uid/gid values by user/group name –usermap=STRING custom username mapping –groupmap=STRING custom groupname mapping –chown=USER:GROUP simple username/groupname mapping –timeout=SECONDS set I/O timeout in seconds –contimeout=SECONDS set daemon connection timeout in seconds -I, –ignore-times don’t skip files that match in size and mod-time -M, –remote-option=OPTION send OPTION to the remote side only –size-only skip files that match in size –modify-window=NUM compare mod-times with reduced accuracy -T, –temp-dir=DIR create temporary files in directory DIR -y, –fuzzy find similar file for basis if no dest file –compare-dest=DIR also compare destination files relative to DIR –copy-dest=DIR … and include copies of unchanged files –link-dest=DIR hardlink to files in DIR when unchanged -z, –compress compress file data during the transfer –compress-level=NUM explicitly set compression level –skip-compress=LIST skip compressing files with a suffix in LIST -C, –cvs-exclude auto-ignore files the same way CVS does -f, –filter=RULE add a file-filtering RULE -F same as –filter=‘dir-merge /.rsync-filter’ repeated: –filter=’- .rsync-filter’ –exclude=PATTERN exclude files matching PATTERN –exclude-from=FILE read exclude patterns from FILE –include=PATTERN don’t exclude files matching PATTERN –include-from=FILE read include patterns from FILE –files-from=FILE read list of source-file names from FILE -0, –from0 all *-from/filter files are delimited by 0s -s, –protect-args no space-splitting; only wildcard special-chars –address=ADDRESS bind address for outgoing socket to daemon –port=PORT specify double-colon alternate port number –sockopts=OPTIONS specify custom TCP options –blocking-io use blocking I/O for the remote shell –stats give some file-transfer stats -8, –8-bit-output leave high-bit chars unescaped in output -h, –human-readable output numbers in a human-readable format –progress show progress during transfer -P same as –partial –progress -i, –itemize-changes output a change-summary for all updates –out-format=FORMAT output updates using the specified FORMAT –log-file=FILE log what we’re doing to the specified FILE –log-file-format=FMT log updates using the specified FMT –password-file=FILE read daemon-access password from FILE –list-only list the files instead of copying them –bwlimit=RATE limit socket I/O bandwidth –outbuf=N|L|B set output buffering to None, Line, or Block –write-batch=FILE write a batched update to FILE –only-write-batch=FILE like –write-batch but w/o updating destination –read-batch=FILE read a batched update from FILE –protocol=NUM force an older protocol version to be used –iconv=CONVERT_SPEC request charset conversion of filenames –checksum-seed=NUM set block/file checksum seed (advanced) -4, –ipv4 prefer IPv4 -6, –ipv6 prefer IPv6 –version print version number(-h) –help show this help (-h is –help only if used alone)Use “rsync –daemon –help” to see the daemon-mode command-line options.Please see the rsync(1) and rsyncd.conf(5) man pages for full documentation.See http://rsync.samba.org/ for updates, bug reports, and answers# rsync常用参数-v :展示详细的同步信息-a :归档模式，相当于 -rlptgoD -r :递归目录 -l :同步软连接文件 -p :保留权限 -t :将源文件的"modify time"同步到目标机器 -g :保持文件属组 -o :保持文件属主 -D :和–devices –specials一样，保持设备文件和特殊文件-z :发送数据前，先压缩再传输-H :保持硬链接-n :进行试运行，不作任何更改-P same as –partial –progress –partial :支持断点续传 –progress :展示传输的进度–delete :如果源文件消失，目标文件也会被删除–delete-excluded :指定要在目的端删除的文件–delete-after :默认情况下，rsync是先清理目的端的文件再开始数据同步；如果使用此选项，则rsync会先进行数据同步，都完成后再删除那些需要清理的文件。–exclude=PATTERN :排除匹配PATTERN的文件–exclude-from=FILE :如果要排除的文件很多，可以统一写在某一文件中-e ssh :使用SSH加密隧道传输# 远程Shell方式rsync [OPTION]… SRC [SRC]… [USER@]HOST:DEST # 执行“推”操作or rsync [OPTION]… [USER@]HOST:SRC [DEST] # 执行“拉”操作# 远程C/S方式rsync [OPTION]… SRC [SRC]… [USER@]HOST::DEST # 执行“推”操作or rsync [OPTION]… SRC [SRC]… rsync://[USER@]HOST[:PORT]/DEST # 执行“推”操作or rsync [OPTION]… [USER@]HOST::SRC [DEST] # 执行“拉”操作or rsync [OPTION]… rsync://[USER@]HOST[:PORT]/SRC [DEST] # 执行“拉”操作rsync同步方式Rsync 远程同步主要有两种方式：使用远程 shell（ssh或rsh） 或使用 rsync 的 daemon 方式rsync 命令和 ssh，scp 命令有点相似。我们创建两个测试目录和一些文件：mkdir dir1mkdir dir2touch dir1/somefile{1..100}# dir1 中有 100 文件，dir2 中为空。使用 rsync 把 dir1 内容同步到 dir2，-r 选项代表递归，在同步目录时使用。rsync -r dir1/ dir2# 你也可以使用 -a 选项，代表同步所有，包括修改时间、群组、权限、特殊文件、也包括递归。rsync -anv dir1/ dir2# 注意上面的 dir1 / 中的 “/” 不能少，它代表同步目录下文件， 如果没有 “/” 代表同步这个目录。# 和远程主机进行同步目录首先，你要确保有远程主机的 SSH 访问权限# 把本地目录同步到远程主机：rsync -a dir1/ root@linux:/dir2# 把远程主机目录同步到本地：rsync -a root@linux:/dir2/ dir1本地文件同步# 如果没有desc目录，会自动创建rsync -avH /opt/resource/ /tmp/desc/远程文件同步 –shell 方式# 从本地传到远端，目标文件会被写成ssh登录用户的属组和属主（如下 www）rsync -avH /opt/nginx-1.12.1/ www@172.18.50.125:/tmp/nginx/# 使用 ssh 加密隧道方式传输，保障数据的安全性rsync -avHe ssh /opt/nginx-1.12.1/ www@172.18.50.125:/tmp/nginx/# 从远端传到本地，只要对目标文件有读的权限，就可以同步到本地rsync -avH www@172.18.50.125:/tmp/nginx/ /tmp/nginx/# 如果远程服务器ssh端口不是默认的22rsync -avHe “ssh -p 11222” /opt/nginx-1.12.1/ www@172.18.50.125:/tmp/nginx/远程文件同步 –daemon 方式rsync服务端配置# 创建 rsync 服务的目录和配置文件 (可选)mkdir /etc/rsync cd /etc/rsynctouch rsyncd.conftouch rsyncd.secretstouch rsyncd.motdchmod 600 rsyncd.secrets### rsyncd.conf 文件的配置vim /etc/rsync/rsyncd.conf# /etc/rsyncd: configuration file for rsync daemon mode# See rsyncd.conf man page for more options.# 传输文件使用的用户和用户组，如果是从服务器=>客户端，要保证www用户对文件有读取的权限；如果是从客户端=>服务端，要保证www对文件有写权限。uid = wwwgid = www# 允许chroot，提升安全性，客户端连接模块，首先chroot到模块path参数指定的目录下，chroot为yes时必须使用root权限，且不能备份path路径外的链接文件use chroot = yes# 只读read only = no# 只写write only = no# 设定白名单，可以指定IP段（172.18.50.1/255.255.255.0）,各个Ip段用空格分开hosts allow = 172.18.50.110 172.18.50.111hosts deny = *# 允许的客户端最大连接数max connections = 4# 欢迎文件的路径，非必须motd file = /etc/rsync/rsyncd.motd# pid文件路径pid file = /var/run/rsyncd.pid# 记录传输文件日志transfer logging = yes# 日志文件格式log format = %t %a %m %f %b# 指定日志文件log file = /var/log/rsync.log# 剔除某些文件或目录，不同步exclude = lost+found/# 设置超时时间timeout = 900ignore nonreadable = yes# 设置不需要压缩的文件dont compress = *.gz *.tgz *.zip *.z *.Z *.rpm *.deb *.bz2# 模块，可以配置多个，使用如: sate@172.18.50.125::125to110[125to110]# 模块的根目录，同步目录，要注意权限path = /tmp/nginx# 是否允许列出模块内容list = no# 忽略错误ignore errors# 添加注释comment = ftp export area# 模块验证的用户名称，可使用空格或者逗号隔开多个用户名auth users = sate# 模块验证密码文件 可放在全局配置里secrets file = /etc/rsync/rsyncd.secrets# 剔除某些文件或目录，不同步exclude = lost+found/ conf/ man/### rsyncd.secrets 文件的配置cat rsyncd.secrets # 用户名:密码sate:111111### rsync启动rsync –daemon –config=/etc/rsync/rsyncd.confrsync客户端配置# 从 服务端 => 客户端 同步数据，会提示输入密码rsync -avzP –delete sate@172.18.50.125::125to110 /tmp/sync/# 从 客户端 => 服务端 同步数据，会提示输入密码rsync -avzP –delete /tmp/sync/ sate@172.18.50.125::125to110# 注: 如果是 /tmp/sync，则同步sync目录；如果 /tmp/sync/，则同步sync目录下的文件# 免密码同步，将密码写到文件，再通过 –password-file 指定该文件，注：该文件的权限必须是 600echo “111111” > /tmp/secrets.filechmod 600 /tmp/secrets.filersync -avzP –delete –password-file=/tmp/secrets.file sate@172.18.50.125::125to110 /tmp/sync/# –exclude 排除文件目录时，如果有多个同名目录的情况# 目录结构tree.├── dir1│ └── test│ ├── 3.file│ ├── 4.file│ └── 5.file├── dir2└── test ├── 1.file ├── 2.file └── 3.file# 情况一 ： 排除 /test 目录，同步其他目录（同步的是/tmp/sync/ 下边的文件）rsync -avP –delete –password-file=/tmp/secrets.file –exclude=test /tmp/sync/ sate@172.18.50.125::125to110 # 会发现，该目录下所有 test 目录都被排除了，如果想只排除第一层目录的 test，可以如下（/ 代表所同步目录第一层）：rsync -avP –delete –password-file=/tmp/secrets.file –exclude=/test/ /tmp/sync/ sate@172.18.50.125::125to110 # 情况二 ： 和情况一不同的是 同步的 /tmp/sync 这个目录（同步的是/tmp/sync 目录本身，导致 exclude 后边的参数也会变化）rsync -avP –delete –password-file=/tmp/secrets.file –exclude=/sync/test/ /tmp/sync sate@172.18.50.125::125to110 rsync简化配置实践# 配置服务端rsyncd.confvim /etc/rsyncd.confread only = nolist = yesuid = rootgid = root[backup]path= /data/hosts allow = 10.71.12.0/23# 设置服务systemctl start rsyncdsystemctl enable rsyncd# 配置rsync客户端# 编辑backup.sh同步脚本vim backup.sh#!/bin/shSOURCE=$1DEST=$2CMD=“rsync -ravz –bwlimit=2000 $1 rsync://{{log_server_ip}}:873/backup/$2"PROCS=$(pgrep -f “{{log_server_ip}}:873/backup/$2”)if [ “x” != “x$PROCS” ]; then echo “not finished” exitfi$CMD# 修改crontabvim /etc/crontab15 * * * * root cd /opt/sa_scripts/ && ./backup.sh /var/log/ocha/pos_python_server/ 10.71.12.89/$(date +%Y-%m) rsync 有用的选项-z 选项，压缩传输的文件rsync -az source dest-P 选项非常有用，它是 -progress 和 -partial 的组合。第一个选项是用来显示传输进度条，第二个选项允许断点续传和增量传输：rsync -azP source dest–bwlimit选项，限制传输带宽，参数值的默认单位是 KBPS，也就是每秒多少 KBrsync -avzP –bwlimit=100
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