MVC 模式 (Model-View-Controller) 是软件工程中的一种软件架构模式, 把软件系统分为三个基本部分:模型 (Model), 视图(View) 和控制器(Controller). 通过分层使开发的软件结构更清晰, 从而达到开发效率的提高, 可维护性和扩展性得到提高.Spring 提供的 MVC 框架是在 J2EE Web 开发中对 MVC 模式的一个实现, 本文通过实例讲解一下 Spring MVC 的使用.
先来看一个 HTTP request 在 Spring 的 MVC 框架是怎么被处理的:(图片来源于 Spring in Action)
1,DispatcherServlet 是 Spring MVC 的核心, 它的本质是一个实现了 J2EE 标准中定义的 HttpServlet, 通过在 web.xml 配置 <servlet-mapping>, 来实现对 request 的监听.
<servlet> <servlet-name>springTestServlet</servlet-name> <servlet-class>org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet</servlet-class> <load-on-startup>2</load-on-startup> </servlet> <servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>springTestServlet</servlet-name> <url-pattern>*.do</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping>
** 以.do 结尾的 request 都会由 springTestServlet 来处理.
2,3, 当接受到 request 的时候,DispatcherServlet 根据 HandlerMapping 的配置(HandlerMapping 的配置文件默认根据 <servlet-name> 的值来决定, 这里会读取 springTestServlet-servlet.xml 来获得 HandlerMapping 的配置信息), 调用相应的 Controller 来对 request 进行业务处理.<bean id="simpleUrlMapping"
class=”org.springframework.web.servlet.handler.SimpleUrlHandlerMapping”>
<property name="mappings"> <props> <prop key="/login.do">loginController</prop> </props> </property> </bean> <bean id="loginController"
class=”com.test.spring.mvc.contoller.LoginController”> <property
name=”sessionForm”> <value>true</value> </property> <property
name=”commandName”> <value>loginCommand</value> </property><property name="commandClass"> <value>com.test.spring.mvc.commands.LoginCommand</value> </property> <property name="authenticationService"> <ref
bean=”authenticationService”/> </property> <property
name=”formView”> <value>login</value> </property> <property
name=”successView”> <value>loginDetail</value> </property></bean>
** 以 login.do 结尾的 request 由 loginController 来处理.<property name=”formView”> 配置的是 Controller 接收到 HTTP GET 请求的时候需要显示的逻辑视图名, 本例是显示 login.jsp,<property name=”successView”> 配置的是在接收到 HTTP POST 请求的时候需要显示的逻辑视图名, 在本例中即 login.jsp 提交的时候需要显示名为 loginDetail 的逻辑视图.
4,Controller 进行业务处理之后, 返回一个 ModelAndView 对象.
return new ModelAndView(getSuccessView(),”loginDetail”,loginDetail);
5,6,DispatcherServlet 根据 ViewResolver 的配置 (本例是在 springTestServlet-servlet.xml 文件中配置) 将逻辑 view 转换到真正要显示的 View, 如 JSP 等.<bean id="viewResolver"
class=”org.springframework.web.servlet.view.InternalResourceViewResolver”>
<property name="viewClass"> <value>org.springframework.web.servlet.view.JstlView</value> </property> <property name="prefix"> <value>/jsp/</value> </property> <property name="suffix"> <value>.jsp</value> </property> </bean>
** 其作用是将 Controller 中返回的 ModleAndView 解析到具体的资源 (JSP 文件), 如上例中的 return new ModelAndView(getSuccessView(); 按照上面 ViewResolver 配置, 会解析成 /jsp/loginDetail.jsp. 规则为 prefix+ModelAndView 的第二个参数 +suffix.
示例的完整代码如下:
1web.xml:
<?xml version=”1.0″ encoding=”UTF-8″?> <web-app id=”WebApp_ID”
version=”2.4″ xmlns=”http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/j2ee”
xmlns:xsi=”http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance”
xsi:schemaLocation=”http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/j2ee
http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/j2…d”> <display-name>prjSpring3</display-name> <servlet> <servlet-name>springTestServlet</servlet-name> <servlet-class>org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet</servlet-class> <load-on-startup>2</load-on-startup> </servlet> <servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>springTestServlet</servlet-name> <url-pattern>*.do</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping> <listener> <listener-class>org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener</listener-class> </listener> <listener> <listener-class>org.springframework.web.context.request.RequestContextListener</listener-class> </listener> <context-param> <param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name> <param-value>/WEB-INF/springTest-services.xml</param-value> </context-param> <jsp-config> <taglib> <taglib-uri>/spring</taglib-uri> <taglib-location>/WEB-INF/spring.tld</taglib-location> </taglib> </jsp-config> </web-app>
2,springTestServlet-servlet.xml 的内容如下:
<?xml version=”1.0″ encoding=”UTF-8″?> <beans
xmlns=”http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans”
xmlns:xsi=”http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance”
xsi:schemaLocation=”http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
http://www.springframework.or…d”><bean id="simpleUrlMapping"
class=”org.springframework.web.servlet.handler.SimpleUrlHandlerMapping”>
<property name="mappings"> <props> <prop key="/login.do">loginController</prop> </props> </property> </bean> <bean id="loginController"
class=”com.test.spring.mvc.contoller.LoginController”> <property
name=”sessionForm”> <value>true</value> </property> <property
name=”commandName”> <value>loginCommand</value> </property><property name="commandClass"> <value>com.test.spring.mvc.commands.LoginCommand</value> </property> <property name="authenticationService"> <ref
bean=”authenticationService”/> </property> <property
name=”formView”> <value>login</value> </property> <property
name=”successView”> <value>loginDetail</value> </property></bean> <bean id="viewResolver"
class=”org.springframework.web.servlet.view.InternalResourceViewResolver”>
<property name="viewClass"> <value>org.springframework.web.servlet.view.JstlView</value> </property> <property name="prefix"> <value>/jsp/</value> </property> <property name="suffix"> <value>.jsp</value> </property> </bean> </beans>
3,springTest-services.xml 的内容:
<bean id=”authenticationService” class=”com.test.spring.mvc.services.AuthenticationService”/>
4,Java 代码:
public class LoginController extends SimpleFormController {
org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet t; protected
ModelAndView onSubmit(Object command) throws Exception{
LoginCommand loginCommand = (LoginCommand) command; authenticationService.authenticate(loginCommand); LoginDetail
loginDetail =
authenticationService.getLoginDetail(loginCommand.getUserId());return new ModelAndView(getSuccessView(),"loginDetail",loginDetail); } private AuthenticationService authenticationService; public
AuthenticationService getAuthenticationService() { return
authenticationService; } public void setAuthenticationService(AuthenticationService authenticationService) {this.authenticationService = authenticationService;} .... public
class LoginCommand {private String userId; private String password;
.... public class LoginDetail {private String userName; public
class AuthenticationService {public void authenticate(LoginCommand
command) throws Exception{if(command.getUserId()!= null &&
command.getUserId().equalsIgnoreCase(“test”)&& command.getPassword()!= null && command.getPassword().equalsIgnoreCase("test")){}else{ throw
new Exception(“User id is not authenticated”); } } public
LoginDetail getLoginDetail(String userId){return new
LoginDetail(userId); } }
5,JSP 文件: 放在 web-inf 的 jsp 文件夹内
login.jsp: <html><head> <title>Login to Spring Test</title></head>
<body> <h1>Please enter your userid and password.</h1> <form
method=”post” action=”login.do”> <table width=”95%” bgcolor=”f8f8ff”
border=”0″ cellspacing=”0″ cellpadding=”5″> <tr> <td alignment=”right”
width=”20%”>User id:</td> <td width=”20%”><input type=”text”
name=”userId” value=”test”></td> <td width=”60%”> </tr> <tr> <td
alignment=”right” width=”20%”>Password:</td> <td width=”20%”><input
type=”password” name=”password” value=”test”></td> <td width=”60%”>
</tr> </table>
<input type=”submit” alignment=”center”
value=”login”> </form> </body> </html> loginDetail.jsp: <%@ taglib
uri=”http://java.sun.com/jstl/core_rt” prefix=”c”%> <html><head>
<title>Login to Spring Test</title></head> <body> <h1>Login
Details:</h1> <br/> Login as: <c:out value
=”${loginDetail.userName}”/> <br/> logout </body> </html>
在浏览器的地址栏输入 http://localhost:8080/XXX/login.do 进入 login.jsp 页面.
对配置的一些扩充点:
1 为 HandlerMapping 和 Controller 的配置指定文件名称.
<servlet>
<servlet-name>springTestServlet</servlet-name> <servlet-class>org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet</servlet-class> <init-param> <param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name> <param-value>classpath*:/xxx.xml</param-value> </init-param> <load-on-startup>1</load-on-startup> </servlet>
2, 加入对 MVC 注解的支持:
<?xml version=”1.0″ encoding=”UTF-8″?> <beans
xmlns=”http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans”xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context" xmlns:mvc="http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
http://www.springframework.or…
http://www.springframework.org/schema/context
http://www.springframework.or…
http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc
http://www.springframework.or…d”>
<context:annotation-config /> <context:component-scan
base-package=”com.test.spring.mvc.contoller” />
<mvc:annotation-driven /> @Controller public class
AnnotationController {
@RequestMapping(“annotation.do”)
protected void test(HttpServletRequest request,
HttpServletResponse response) throws Exception{
response.getWriter().println(“test Spring MVC annotation”);
}
3, 注解和 SimpleFormController 同时使用需要在 DispatcherServlet 对应的 servlet 配置文件 (本例是 springTestServlet-servlet.xml) 里面配置:
<bean
class=”org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.SimpleControllerHandlerAdapter”/>
否则会发生下面的异常: javax.servlet.ServletException: No adapter for handlerhandler implement a supported interface like Controller?
org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet.getHandlerAdapter(DispatcherServlet.java:982) org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet.doDispatch(DispatcherServlet.java:770) org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet.doService(DispatcherServlet.java:716) org.springframework.web.servlet.FrameworkServlet.processRequest(FrameworkServlet.java:647) org.springframework.web.servlet.FrameworkServlet.doGet(FrameworkServlet.java:552) javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:621) javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:722)
在 WEB 应用中的 context 配置文件通过下面的方式 load,ContextLoaderListener 是一个实现了 ServletContextListener 的 listener,
它能够访问 <context-param> 而得到配置文件的路径, 加载后初始化了一个 WebApplicationContext, 并且将其作为 Attribute 放在了 servletContext 中,
所有可以访问 servletContext 的地方则可以访问 WebApplicationContext.
<listener> <listener-class>org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener</listener-class> </listener> <context-param> <param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name> <param-value> /WEB-INF/springTest-services.xml, classpath:conf/jndiDSAppcontext.xml </param-value> </context-param>
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