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Go 语言内置运行时(就是 runtime),抛弃了传统的内存分配方式,改为自主管理,最开始是基于 tcmalloc,虽然后面改动相对已经很大了。使用自主管理可以实现更好的内存使用模式,比如内存池、预分配等等,从而避免了系统调用所带来的性能问题。
在了解 Go 的内存分配之前,我们可以看一下内存分配的基本策略,来帮助我们理解 Go 的内存分配
基本策略:
- 每次从操作系统申请一大块内存,以减少系统调用
- 将申请的大块内存按照特定大小预先切成小块,构成链表
- 为对象分配内存时,从大小合适的链表中提取一块即可
- 如果对象销毁,则将对象占用的内存,归还到原链表,以便复用
- 如果限制内存过多,则尝试归还部分给操作系统,降低整体开销
下面我们从源码角度来分析 Go 的内存分配策略有何异同
准备
在追踪源码之前,我们需要首先了解一些概念和结构体
- span: 又多个地址连续的页(page)组成的大块内存
- object: 将 span 按特定大小切分成多个小块,每个小块可存储一个对象
对象分类
- 小对象(tiny): size < 16byte
- 普通对象:16byte ~ 32K
- 大对象(large):size > 32K
大小转换
结构体
mHeap
代表 Go 程序持有的所有堆空间,Go 程序使用一个 mheap
的全局对象 _mheap
来管理堆内存。
type mheap struct {
lock mutex
free [_MaxMHeapList]mSpanList // page 在 127 以内的闲置的 span 列表
freelarge mTreap // page 数大于 127 的大 span 组成的树状结构体
busy [_MaxMHeapList]mSpanList // page 在 127 以内的已分配的 span 列表
busylarge mSpanList // page 数大于 127 的已分配的大 span 组成的列表
// allspans is a slice of all mspans ever created. Each mspan
// appears exactly once.
// 所有创建过的 mspan 的 slice
allspans []*mspan // all spans out there
// arenas is the heap arena map. It points to the metadata for
// the heap for every arena frame of the entire usable virtual
// address space.
//
// Use arenaIndex to compute indexes into this array.
//
// For regions of the address space that are not backed by the
// Go heap, the arena map contains nil.
//
// Modifications are protected by mheap_.lock. Reads can be
// performed without locking; however, a given entry can
// transition from nil to non-nil at any time when the lock
// isn't held. (Entries never transitions back to nil.)
//
// In general, this is a two-level mapping consisting of an L1
// map and possibly many L2 maps. This saves space when there
// are a huge number of arena frames. However, on many
// platforms (even 64-bit), arenaL1Bits is 0, making this
// effectively a single-level map. In this case, arenas[0]
// will never be nil.
// 一组 heapArena 组成,每一个 heapArena 都包含了连续的 pagesPerArena 个 span,这个主要是为 mheap 管理 span 和垃圾回收服务,heapArena 也有介绍
arenas [1 << arenaL1Bits]*[1 << arenaL2Bits]*heapArena
// heapArenaAlloc is pre-reserved space for allocating heapArena
// objects. This is only used on 32-bit, where we pre-reserve
// this space to avoid interleaving it with the heap itself.
// 预先分配的 heapArena 对象的地址
heapArenaAlloc linearAlloc
// arenaHints is a list of addresses at which to attempt to
// add more heap arenas. This is initially populated with a
// set of general hint addresses, and grown with the bounds of
// actual heap arena ranges.
arenaHints *arenaHint
// arena is a pre-reserved space for allocating heap arenas
// (the actual arenas). This is only used on 32-bit.
// 仅 32 位使用
arena linearAlloc
//_ uint32 // ensure 64-bit alignment of central
// central free lists for small size classes.
// the padding makes sure that the MCentrals are
// spaced CacheLineSize bytes apart, so that each MCentral.lock
// gets its own cache line.
// central is indexed by spanClass.
// mcentral 内存分配中心,mcache 没有足够的内存分配的时候,会从 mcentral 分配
central [numSpanClasses]struct {
mcentral mcentral
pad [sys.CacheLineSize - unsafe.Sizeof(mcentral{})%sys.CacheLineSize]byte
}
spanalloc fixalloc // allocator for span*
cachealloc fixalloc // allocator for mcache*
treapalloc fixalloc // allocator for treapNodes* used by large objects
specialfinalizeralloc fixalloc // allocator for specialfinalizer*
specialprofilealloc fixalloc // allocator for specialprofile*
speciallock mutex // lock for special record allocators.
arenaHintAlloc fixalloc // allocator for arenaHints
unused *specialfinalizer // never set, just here to force the specialfinalizer type into DWARF
}
mSpanList
mSpan 的链表,free
busy
busyLarge
上的 mSpan 都是通过链表串联起来的
type mSpanList struct {
first *mspan // first span in list, or nil if none
last *mspan // last span in list, or nil if none
}
mSpan
Go 中内存管理的基本单元,是由一片连续的 8KB
的页组成的大块内存。注意,这里的页和操作系统本身的页并不是一回事,它一般是操作系统页大小的几倍。一句话概括:mspan
是一个包含起始地址、mspan
规格、页的数量等内容的双端链表。
type mspan struct {
next *mspan // next span in list, or nil if none
prev *mspan // previous span in list, or nil if none
list *mSpanList // For debugging. TODO: Remove.
startAddr uintptr // address of first byte of span aka s.base()
// 该 span 锁包含的页数
npages uintptr // number of pages in span
manualFreeList gclinkptr // list of free objects in _MSpanManual spans
// freeindex is the slot index between 0 and nelems at which to begin scanning
// for the next free object in this span.
// Each allocation scans allocBits starting at freeindex until it encounters a 0
// indicating a free object. freeindex is then adjusted so that subsequent scans begin
// just past the newly discovered free object.
//
// If freeindex == nelem, this span has no free objects.
//
// allocBits is a bitmap of objects in this span.
// If n >= freeindex and allocBits[n/8] & (1<<(n%8)) is 0
// then object n is free;
// otherwise, object n is allocated. Bits starting at nelem are
// undefined and should never be referenced.
//
// Object n starts at address n*elemsize + (start << pageShift).
// 用于定位下一个可用的 object, 大小范围在 0- nelems 之间
freeindex uintptr
// TODO: Look up nelems from sizeclass and remove this field if it
// helps performance.
// span 里 object 的数量
nelems uintptr // number of object in the span.
// Cache of the allocBits at freeindex. allocCache is shifted
// such that the lowest bit corresponds to the bit freeindex.
// allocCache holds the complement of allocBits, thus allowing
// ctz (count trailing zero) to use it directly.
// allocCache may contain bits beyond s.nelems; the caller must ignore
// these.
// 用于缓存 freeindex 开始的 bitmap, 缓存的 bit 值与原值相反,ctz 函数可以通过这个值快速计算出下一个 free object 的 index
allocCache uint64
// 分配位图,每一位代表每一块是否已经分配
allocBits *gcBits
// 已经分配的 object 的数量
allocCount uint16 // number of allocated objects
elemsize uintptr // computed from sizeclass or from npages
}
spanClass
class 表中的 class ID,和 Size Classs 相关
type spanClass uint8
mTreap
这个结构是包含 mspan 的树状结构,主要是给 freeLarge 使用,在查找对应 classsize 的大对象的时候,使用树状结构查找要比链表更快
type mTreap struct {treap *treapNode}
mtreapNode
mTreap 结构的节点,节点信息包含 mspan 和左右子节点等信息
type treapNode struct {
right *treapNode // all treapNodes > this treap node
left *treapNode // all treapNodes < this treap node
parent *treapNode // direct parent of this node, nil if root
npagesKey uintptr // number of pages in spanKey, used as primary sort key
spanKey *mspan // span of size npagesKey, used as secondary sort key
priority uint32 // random number used by treap algorithm to keep tree probabilistically balanced
}
heapArena
heapArena 存储的是 arena 的元数据,arenas 是一组 heapArena 构成,所有的分配的内存都在 arenas
里面,大致 arenas[L1][L2] = heapArena,而对于 分配出去的内存的 address,通过 arenaIndex
可以计算出 L1 L2
,从而找到该内存所对应的 arenas[L1][L2],即 heapArena
type heapArena struct {
// bitmap stores the pointer/scalar bitmap for the words in
// this arena. See mbitmap.go for a description. Use the
// heapBits type to access this.
bitmap [heapArenaBitmapBytes]byte
// spans maps from virtual address page ID within this arena to *mspan.
// For allocated spans, their pages map to the span itself.
// For free spans, only the lowest and highest pages map to the span itself.
// Internal pages map to an arbitrary span.
// For pages that have never been allocated, spans entries are nil.
//
// Modifications are protected by mheap.lock. Reads can be
// performed without locking, but ONLY from indexes that are
// known to contain in-use or stack spans. This means there
// must not be a safe-point between establishing that an
// address is live and looking it up in the spans array.
spans [pagesPerArena]*mspan
}
arenaHint
这个是记录 arena 可以增长的地址
type arenaHint struct {
addr uintptr
// down 为 true,表示可以扩展 arena 的大小
down bool
next *arenaHint
}
mcentral
mcentral 则是全局资源,为多个线程服务,当某个线程内存不足时会向 mcentral 申请,当某个线程释放内存时又会回收进 mcentral
type mcentral struct {
lock mutex
spanclass spanClass
// free object 的链表
nonempty mSpanList // list of spans with a free object, ie a nonempty free list
// no free object 的链表
empty mSpanList // list of spans with no free objects (or cached in an mcache)
// nmalloc is the cumulative count of objects allocated from
// this mcentral, assuming all spans in mcaches are
// fully-allocated. Written atomically, read under STW.
nmalloc uint64
}
结构图
接下来,我们结合一下宏观的图示来理解一下上面的结构体之间的关联,同时对于后面的内存分配有一个简单的了解,等到后面全部讲完后,在回过头来看看这幅图,可能会对 Go 的内存分配有更清晰的认知
初始化
func mallocinit() {
// Initialize the heap.
// 初始化 mheap
mheap_.init()
_g_ := getg()
// 获取当前 g 所在的 m 的 mcache,并初始化
_g_.m.mcache = allocmcache()
for i := 0x7f; i >= 0; i-- {
var p uintptr
switch {
case GOARCH == "arm64" && GOOS == "darwin":
p = uintptr(i)<<40 | uintptrMask&(0x0013<<28)
case GOARCH == "arm64":
p = uintptr(i)<<40 | uintptrMask&(0x0040<<32)
case raceenabled:
// The TSAN runtime requires the heap
// to be in the range [0x00c000000000,
// 0x00e000000000).
p = uintptr(i)<<32 | uintptrMask&(0x00c0<<32)
if p >= uintptrMask&0x00e000000000 {continue}
default:
p = uintptr(i)<<40 | uintptrMask&(0x00c0<<32)
}
// 保存 arena 相关属性
hint := (*arenaHint)(mheap_.arenaHintAlloc.alloc())
hint.addr = p
hint.next, mheap_.arenaHints = mheap_.arenaHints, hint
}
mheap.init
func (h *mheap) init() {h.treapalloc.init(unsafe.Sizeof(treapNode{}), nil, nil, &memstats.other_sys)
h.spanalloc.init(unsafe.Sizeof(mspan{}), recordspan, unsafe.Pointer(h), &memstats.mspan_sys)
h.cachealloc.init(unsafe.Sizeof(mcache{}), nil, nil, &memstats.mcache_sys)
h.specialfinalizeralloc.init(unsafe.Sizeof(specialfinalizer{}), nil, nil, &memstats.other_sys)
h.specialprofilealloc.init(unsafe.Sizeof(specialprofile{}), nil, nil, &memstats.other_sys)
h.arenaHintAlloc.init(unsafe.Sizeof(arenaHint{}), nil, nil, &memstats.other_sys)
// Don't zero mspan allocations. Background sweeping can
// inspect a span concurrently with allocating it, so it's
// important that the span's sweepgen survive across freeing
// and re-allocating a span to prevent background sweeping
// from improperly cas'ing it from 0.
//
// This is safe because mspan contains no heap pointers.
h.spanalloc.zero = false
// h->mapcache needs no init
for i := range h.free {h.free[i].init()
h.busy[i].init()}
h.busylarge.init()
for i := range h.central {h.central[i].mcentral.init(spanClass(i))
}
}
mcentral.init
初始化某个规格的 mcentral
// Initialize a single central free list.
func (c *mcentral) init(spc spanClass) {
c.spanclass = spc
c.nonempty.init()
c.empty.init()}
allocmcache
mcache 的初始化
func allocmcache() *mcache {lock(&mheap_.lock)
c := (*mcache)(mheap_.cachealloc.alloc())
unlock(&mheap_.lock)
for i := range c.alloc {c.alloc[i] = &emptymspan
}
c.next_sample = nextSample()
return c
}
fixalloc.alloc
fixalloc 是一个固定大小的分配器。主要用来分配一些对内存的包装的结构, 比如:mspan,mcache.. 等等, 虽然启动分配的实际使用内存是由其他内存分配器分配的。主要分配思路为: 开始的时候一次性分配一大块内存,每次请求分配一小块,释放时放在 list 链表中,由于 size 是不变的,所以不会出现内存碎片。
func (f *fixalloc) alloc() unsafe.Pointer {
if f.size == 0 {print("runtime: use of FixAlloc_Alloc before FixAlloc_Init\n")
throw("runtime: internal error")
}
// 如果 list 不要为空,直接拿
if f.list != nil {v := unsafe.Pointer(f.list)
f.list = f.list.next
f.inuse += f.size
if f.zero {memclrNoHeapPointers(v, f.size)
}
return v
}
// 如果块为空,则从系统分配中调用系统内存分配
if uintptr(f.nchunk) < f.size {f.chunk = uintptr(persistentalloc(_FixAllocChunk, 0, f.stat))
f.nchunk = _FixAllocChunk
}
// 从 chunk 中分配一个固定大小的 size,释放的时候,会回归到 list 中
v := unsafe.Pointer(f.chunk)
if f.first != nil {f.first(f.arg, v)
}
f.chunk = f.chunk + f.size
f.nchunk -= uint32(f.size)
f.inuse += f.size
return v
}
初始化的工作很简单:
- 初始化 heap,初始化 free large 对应规格的链表,初始化 busyLarge 链表
- 初始化每个规格对应的 mcentral
- 初始化 mcache,对 mcache 里面每个对应的规格进行初始化
- 初始化 arenaHints,填充一组地址,后面根据真正的 arena 边界来进行扩增
分配
newObject
func newobject(typ *_type) unsafe.Pointer {return mallocgc(typ.size, typ, true)
}
mallocgc
func mallocgc(size uintptr, typ *_type, needzero bool) unsafe.Pointer {
// Set mp.mallocing to keep from being preempted by GC.
// 加锁防止被 GC 抢占
mp := acquirem()
if mp.mallocing != 0 {throw("malloc deadlock")
}
if mp.gsignal == getg() {throw("malloc during signal")
}
mp.mallocing = 1
shouldhelpgc := false
dataSize := size
// 获取当前线程的 mcache
c := gomcache()
var x unsafe.Pointer
// 判断分配的对象是否 是 nil 或非指针类型
noscan := typ == nil || typ.kind&kindNoPointers != 0
if size <= maxSmallSize {
if noscan && size < maxTinySize {
// 这里开始小对象的内存分配
// 对齐,调整偏移量
off := c.tinyoffset
// Align tiny pointer for required (conservative) alignment.
if size&7 == 0 {off = round(off, 8)
} else if size&3 == 0 {off = round(off, 4)
} else if size&1 == 0 {off = round(off, 2)
}
// 如果当前 mcache 上绑定的 tiny 块内存空间足够,直接分配,并返回
if off+size <= maxTinySize && c.tiny != 0 {
// The object fits into existing tiny block.
x = unsafe.Pointer(c.tiny + off)
c.tinyoffset = off + size
c.local_tinyallocs++
mp.mallocing = 0
releasem(mp)
return x
}
// Allocate a new maxTinySize block.
// 当前 mcache 上的 tiny 块内存空间不足,重新分配一块 tiny 块内存
span := c.alloc[tinySpanClass]
// 尝试从 allocCache 获取内存,获取不到返回 0
v := nextFreeFast(span)
if v == 0 {
// 没有从 allocCache 获取到内存,netxtFree 函数 尝试从 mcentral 获取一个新的对应规格的快内存,替换原先内存空间不足的内存块,并分配内存,后面解析 nextFree 函数
v, _, shouldhelpgc = c.nextFree(tinySpanClass)
}
x = unsafe.Pointer(v)
(*[2]uint64)(x)[0] = 0
(*[2]uint64)(x)[1] = 0
// See if we need to replace the existing tiny block with the new one
// based on amount of remaining free space.
if size < c.tinyoffset || c.tiny == 0 {c.tiny = uintptr(x)
c.tinyoffset = size
}
size = maxTinySize
} else {
// 这里开始 正常对象的 内存分配
// 首先查表,以确定 sizeclass
var sizeclass uint8
if size <= smallSizeMax-8 {sizeclass = size_to_class8[(size+smallSizeDiv-1)/smallSizeDiv]
} else {sizeclass = size_to_class128[(size-smallSizeMax+largeSizeDiv-1)/largeSizeDiv]
}
size = uintptr(class_to_size[sizeclass])
spc := makeSpanClass(sizeclass, noscan)
// 找到对应 sizeclass(后面 ` 规格 ` 来代替)的 span
span := c.alloc[spc]
// 同小对象分配一样,尝试从 allocCache 获取内存,获取不到返回 0
v := nextFreeFast(span)
if v == 0 {v, span, shouldhelpgc = c.nextFree(spc)
}
x = unsafe.Pointer(v)
if needzero && span.needzero != 0 {memclrNoHeapPointers(unsafe.Pointer(v), size)
}
}
} else {
// 这里开始大对象的分配
// 大对象的分配与 小对象 和普通对象 的分配有点不一样,大对象直接从 mheap 上分配
var s *mspan
shouldhelpgc = true
systemstack(func() {s = largeAlloc(size, needzero, noscan)
})
s.freeindex = 1
s.allocCount = 1
x = unsafe.Pointer(s.base())
size = s.elemsize
}
// bitmap 标记...
// 检查出发条件,启动垃圾回收 ...
return x
}
整理一下 这段代码的基本思路:
- 首先判定 对象是 大对象 还是 普通对象还是 小对象
-
如果是 小对象
- 从 mcache 的 alloc 找到对应 classsize 的 mspan
- 如果当前 mspan 有足够的空间,分配并修改 mspan 的相关属性(nextFreeFast 函数中实现)
- 如果当前 mspan 没有足够的空间,从 mcentral 重新获取一块 对应 classsize 的 mspan,替换原先的 mspan,然后 分配并修改 mspan 的相关属性
-
如果是普通对象,逻辑大致同小对象的 内存分配
- 首先查表,以确定 需要分配内存的对象的 sizeclass,并找到 对应 classsize 的 mspan
- 如果当前 mspan 有足够的空间,分配并修改 mspan 的相关属性(nextFreeFast 函数中实现)
- 如果当前 mspan 没有足够的空间,从 mcentral 重新获取一块 对应 classsize 的 mspan,替换原先的 mspan,然后 分配并修改 mspan 的相关属性
- 如果是大对象,直接从 mheap 进行分配,这里的实现依靠
largeAlloc
函数实现,我们先跟一下这个函数
largeAlloc
func largeAlloc(size uintptr, needzero bool, noscan bool) *mspan {// print("largeAlloc size=", size, "\n")
// 内存溢出判断
if size+_PageSize < size {throw("out of memory")
}
// 计算出对象所需的页数
npages := size >> _PageShift
if size&_PageMask != 0 {npages++}
// Deduct credit for this span allocation and sweep if
// necessary. mHeap_Alloc will also sweep npages, so this only
// pays the debt down to npage pages.
deductSweepCredit(npages*_PageSize, npages)
// 分配函数的具体实现
s := mheap_.alloc(npages, makeSpanClass(0, noscan), true, needzero)
if s == nil {throw("out of memory")
}
s.limit = s.base() + size
// bitmap 记录分配的 span
heapBitsForAddr(s.base()).initSpan(s)
return s
}
mheap.alloc
func (h *mheap) alloc(npage uintptr, spanclass spanClass, large bool, needzero bool) *mspan {
// Don't do any operations that lock the heap on the G stack.
// It might trigger stack growth, and the stack growth code needs
// to be able to allocate heap.
var s *mspan
systemstack(func() {s = h.alloc_m(npage, spanclass, large)
})
if s != nil {
if needzero && s.needzero != 0 {memclrNoHeapPointers(unsafe.Pointer(s.base()), s.npages<<_PageShift)
}
s.needzero = 0
}
return s
}
mheap.alloc_m
根据页数从 heap 上面分配一个新的 span,并且在 HeapMap 和 HeapMapCache 上记录对象的 sizeclass
func (h *mheap) alloc_m(npage uintptr, spanclass spanClass, large bool) *mspan {_g_ := getg()
if _g_ != _g_.m.g0 {throw("_mheap_alloc not on g0 stack")
}
lock(&h.lock)
// 清理垃圾,内存块状态标记 省略...
// 从 heap 中获取指定页数的 span
s := h.allocSpanLocked(npage, &memstats.heap_inuse)
if s != nil {
// Record span info, because gc needs to be
// able to map interior pointer to containing span.
atomic.Store(&s.sweepgen, h.sweepgen)
h.sweepSpans[h.sweepgen/2%2].push(s) // Add to swept in-use list.// 忽略
s.state = _MSpanInUse
s.allocCount = 0
s.spanclass = spanclass
// 重置 span 的状态
if sizeclass := spanclass.sizeclass(); sizeclass == 0 {
s.elemsize = s.npages << _PageShift
s.divShift = 0
s.divMul = 0
s.divShift2 = 0
s.baseMask = 0
} else {s.elemsize = uintptr(class_to_size[sizeclass])
m := &class_to_divmagic[sizeclass]
s.divShift = m.shift
s.divMul = m.mul
s.divShift2 = m.shift2
s.baseMask = m.baseMask
}
// update stats, sweep lists
h.pagesInUse += uint64(npage)
if large {
// 更新 mheap 中大对象的相关属性
memstats.heap_objects++
mheap_.largealloc += uint64(s.elemsize)
mheap_.nlargealloc++
atomic.Xadd64(&memstats.heap_live, int64(npage<<_PageShift))
// Swept spans are at the end of lists.
// 根据页数判断是 busy 还是 busylarge 链表,并追加到末尾
if s.npages < uintptr(len(h.busy)) {h.busy[s.npages].insertBack(s)
} else {h.busylarge.insertBack(s)
}
}
}
// gc trace 标记,省略...
unlock(&h.lock)
return s
}
mheap.allocSpanLocked
分配一个给定大小的 span,并将分配的 span 从 freelist 中移除
func (h *mheap) allocSpanLocked(npage uintptr, stat *uint64) *mspan {
var list *mSpanList
var s *mspan
// Try in fixed-size lists up to max.
// 先尝试获取指定页数的 span,如果没有,则试试页数更多的
for i := int(npage); i < len(h.free); i++ {list = &h.free[i]
if !list.isEmpty() {
s = list.first
list.remove(s)
goto HaveSpan
}
}
// Best fit in list of large spans.
// 从 freelarge 上找到一个合适的 span 节点返回,下面继续分析这个函数
s = h.allocLarge(npage) // allocLarge removed s from h.freelarge for us
if s == nil {
// 如果 freelarge 上找不到合适的 span 节点,就只有从 系统 重新分配了
// 后面继续分析这个函数
if !h.grow(npage) {return nil}
// 从系统分配后,再次到 freelarge 上寻找合适的节点
s = h.allocLarge(npage)
if s == nil {return nil}
}
HaveSpan:
// 从 free 上面获取到了 合适页数的 span
// Mark span in use. 省略....
if s.npages > npage {
// Trim extra and put it back in the heap.
// 创建一个 s.napges - npage 大小的 span,并放回 heap
t := (*mspan)(h.spanalloc.alloc())
t.init(s.base()+npage<<_PageShift, s.npages-npage)
// 更新获取到的 span s 的属性
s.npages = npage
h.setSpan(t.base()-1, s)
h.setSpan(t.base(), t)
h.setSpan(t.base()+t.npages*pageSize-1, t)
t.needzero = s.needzero
s.state = _MSpanManual // prevent coalescing with s
t.state = _MSpanManual
h.freeSpanLocked(t, false, false, s.unusedsince)
s.state = _MSpanFree
}
s.unusedsince = 0
// 将 s 放到 spans 和 arenas 数组里面
h.setSpans(s.base(), npage, s)
*stat += uint64(npage << _PageShift)
memstats.heap_idle -= uint64(npage << _PageShift)
//println("spanalloc", hex(s.start<<_PageShift))
if s.inList() {throw("still in list")
}
return s
}
mheap.allocLarge
从 mheap 的 freeLarge 树上面找到一个指定 page 数量的 span,并将该 span 从树上移除,找不到则返回 nil
func (h *mheap) allocLarge(npage uintptr) *mspan {
// Search treap for smallest span with >= npage pages.
return h.freelarge.remove(npage)
}
// 上面的 h.freelarge.remove 即调用这个函数
// 典型的二叉树寻找算法
func (root *mTreap) remove(npages uintptr) *mspan {
t := root.treap
for t != nil {
if t.spanKey == nil {throw("treap node with nil spanKey found")
}
if t.npagesKey < npages {t = t.right} else if t.left != nil && t.left.npagesKey >= npages {t = t.left} else {
result := t.spanKey
root.removeNode(t)
return result
}
}
return nil
}
注:在看《Go 语言学习笔记》的时候,这里的查找算法还是 对链表的 遍历查找
mheap.grow
在 mheap.allocSpanLocked 这个函数中,如果 freelarge 上找不到合适的 span 节点,就只有从 系统 重新分配了,那我们接下来就继续分析一下这个函数的实现
func (h *mheap) grow(npage uintptr) bool {
ask := npage << _PageShift
// 向系统申请内存,后面继续追踪 sysAlloc 这个函数
v, size := h.sysAlloc(ask)
if v == nil {print("runtime: out of memory: cannot allocate", ask, "-byte block (", memstats.heap_sys, "in use)\n")
return false
}
// Create a fake "in use" span and free it, so that the
// right coalescing happens.
// 创建 span 来管理刚刚申请的内存
s := (*mspan)(h.spanalloc.alloc())
s.init(uintptr(v), size/pageSize)
h.setSpans(s.base(), s.npages, s)
atomic.Store(&s.sweepgen, h.sweepgen)
s.state = _MSpanInUse
h.pagesInUse += uint64(s.npages)
// 将刚刚申请的 span 放到 arenas 和 spans 数组里面
h.freeSpanLocked(s, false, true, 0)
return true
}
mheao.sysAlloc
func (h *mheap) sysAlloc(n uintptr) (v unsafe.Pointer, size uintptr) {n = round(n, heapArenaBytes)
// First, try the arena pre-reservation.
// 从 arena 中 获取对应大小的内存,获取不到返回 nil
v = h.arena.alloc(n, heapArenaBytes, &memstats.heap_sys)
if v != nil {
// 从 arena 获取到需要的内存,跳转到 mapped 操作
size = n
goto mapped
}
// Try to grow the heap at a hint address.
// 尝试 从 arenaHint 向下扩展内存
for h.arenaHints != nil {
hint := h.arenaHints
p := hint.addr
if hint.down {p -= n}
if p+n < p {
// We can't use this, so don't ask.
// 表名 hint.down = false 不能向下扩展内存
v = nil
} else if arenaIndex(p+n-1) >= 1<<arenaBits {
// 超出 heap 可寻址的内存地址,不能使用
// Outside addressable heap. Can't use.
v = nil
} else {
// 当前 hint 可以向下扩展内存,利用 mmap 向系统申请内存
v = sysReserve(unsafe.Pointer(p), n)
}
if p == uintptr(v) {
// Success. Update the hint.
if !hint.down {p += n}
hint.addr = p
size = n
break
}
// Failed. Discard this hint and try the next.
//
// TODO: This would be cleaner if sysReserve could be
// told to only return the requested address. In
// particular, this is already how Windows behaves, so
// it would simply things there.
if v != nil {sysFree(v, n, nil)
}
h.arenaHints = hint.next
h.arenaHintAlloc.free(unsafe.Pointer(hint))
}
if size == 0 {
if raceenabled {
// The race detector assumes the heap lives in
// [0x00c000000000, 0x00e000000000), but we
// just ran out of hints in this region. Give
// a nice failure.
throw("too many address space collisions for -race mode")
}
// All of the hints failed, so we'll take any
// (sufficiently aligned) address the kernel will give
// us.
v, size = sysReserveAligned(nil, n, heapArenaBytes)
if v == nil {return nil, 0}
// Create new hints for extending this region.
hint := (*arenaHint)(h.arenaHintAlloc.alloc())
hint.addr, hint.down = uintptr(v), true
hint.next, mheap_.arenaHints = mheap_.arenaHints, hint
hint = (*arenaHint)(h.arenaHintAlloc.alloc())
hint.addr = uintptr(v) + size
hint.next, mheap_.arenaHints = mheap_.arenaHints, hint
}
// Check for bad pointers or pointers we can't use.
{
var bad string
p := uintptr(v)
if p+size < p {bad = "region exceeds uintptr range"} else if arenaIndex(p) >= 1<<arenaBits {bad = "base outside usable address space"} else if arenaIndex(p+size-1) >= 1<<arenaBits {bad = "end outside usable address space"}
if bad != "" {
// This should be impossible on most architectures,
// but it would be really confusing to debug.
print("runtime: memory allocated by OS [", hex(p), ",", hex(p+size), ") not in usable address space:", bad, "\n")
throw("memory reservation exceeds address space limit")
}
}
if uintptr(v)&(heapArenaBytes-1) != 0 {throw("misrounded allocation in sysAlloc")
}
// Back the reservation.
sysMap(v, size, &memstats.heap_sys)
mapped:
// Create arena metadata.
// 根据 v 的 address,计算出 arenas 的 L1 L2
for ri := arenaIndex(uintptr(v)); ri <= arenaIndex(uintptr(v)+size-1); ri++ {l2 := h.arenas[ri.l1()]
if l2 == nil {// 如果 L2 为 nil,则分配 arenas[L1]
// Allocate an L2 arena map.
l2 = (*[1 << arenaL2Bits]*heapArena)(persistentalloc(unsafe.Sizeof(*l2), sys.PtrSize, nil))
if l2 == nil {throw("out of memory allocating heap arena map")
}
atomic.StorepNoWB(unsafe.Pointer(&h.arenas[ri.l1()]), unsafe.Pointer(l2))
}
// 如果 arenas[ri.L1()][ri.L2()] 不为空 说明已经实例化过了
if l2[ri.l2()] != nil {throw("arena already initialized")
}
var r *heapArena
// 从 arena 上分配内存
r = (*heapArena)(h.heapArenaAlloc.alloc(unsafe.Sizeof(*r), sys.PtrSize, &memstats.gc_sys))
if r == nil {r = (*heapArena)(persistentalloc(unsafe.Sizeof(*r), sys.PtrSize, &memstats.gc_sys))
if r == nil {throw("out of memory allocating heap arena metadata")
}
}
// Store atomically just in case an object from the
// new heap arena becomes visible before the heap lock
// is released (which shouldn't happen, but there's
// little downside to this).
atomic.StorepNoWB(unsafe.Pointer(&l2[ri.l2()]), unsafe.Pointer(r))
}
// 省略部分代码...
return
}
至此,大对象的分配流程至此结束,我们继续看一下,小对象和普通话对象的分配流程
小对象和普通对象分配
下面一段是 小对象和普通对象的内存查找和分配的主要函数,在上面的时候已经分析过了,下面我们就着重分析这两个函数
span := c.alloc[spc]
v := nextFreeFast(span)
if v == 0 {v, _, shouldhelpgc = c.nextFree(spc)
}
nextFreeFast
这个函数返回 span 上可用的地址,如果找不到 则返回 0
func nextFreeFast(s *mspan) gclinkptr {
// 计算 s.allocCache 从低位起有多少个 0
theBit := sys.Ctz64(s.allocCache) // Is there a free object in the allocCache?
if theBit < 64 {result := s.freeindex + uintptr(theBit)
if result < s.nelems {
freeidx := result + 1
if freeidx%64 == 0 && freeidx != s.nelems {return 0}
// 更新 bitmap、可用的 slot 索引
s.allocCache >>= uint(theBit + 1)
s.freeindex = freeidx
s.allocCount++
// 返回 找到的内存的地址
return gclinkptr(result*s.elemsize + s.base())
}
}
return 0
}
mcache.nextFree
如果 nextFreeFast 找不到 合适的内存,就会进入这个函数
nextFree 如果在 cached span 里面找到未使用的 object,则返回,否则,调用 refill 函数,从 central 中获取对应 classsize 的 span,然后 从新的 span 里面找到未使用的 object 返回
func (c *mcache) nextFree(spc spanClass) (v gclinkptr, s *mspan, shouldhelpgc bool) {
// 先找到 mcache 中 对应 规格的 span
s = c.alloc[spc]
shouldhelpgc = false
// 在 当前 span 中找到合适的 index 索引
freeIndex := s.nextFreeIndex()
if freeIndex == s.nelems {
// The span is full.
// freeIndex == nelems 时,表示当前 span 已满
if uintptr(s.allocCount) != s.nelems {println("runtime: s.allocCount=", s.allocCount, "s.nelems=", s.nelems)
throw("s.allocCount != s.nelems && freeIndex == s.nelems")
}
// 调用 refill 函数,从 mcentral 中获取可用的 span,并替换掉当前 mcache 里面的 span
systemstack(func() {c.refill(spc)
})
shouldhelpgc = true
s = c.alloc[spc]
// 再次到新的 span 里面查找合适的 index
freeIndex = s.nextFreeIndex()}
if freeIndex >= s.nelems {throw("freeIndex is not valid")
}
// 计算出来 内存地址,并更新 span 的属性
v = gclinkptr(freeIndex*s.elemsize + s.base())
s.allocCount++
if uintptr(s.allocCount) > s.nelems {println("s.allocCount=", s.allocCount, "s.nelems=", s.nelems)
throw("s.allocCount > s.nelems")
}
return
}
mcache.refill
Refill 根据指定的 sizeclass 获取对应的 span,并作为 mcache 的新的 sizeclass 对应的 span
func (c *mcache) refill(spc spanClass) {_g_ := getg()
_g_.m.locks++
// Return the current cached span to the central lists.
s := c.alloc[spc]
if uintptr(s.allocCount) != s.nelems {throw("refill of span with free space remaining")
}
// 判断 s 是不是 空的 span
if s != &emptymspan {s.incache = false}
// 尝试从 mcentral 获取一个新的 span 来代替老的 span
// Get a new cached span from the central lists.
s = mheap_.central[spc].mcentral.cacheSpan()
if s == nil {throw("out of memory")
}
if uintptr(s.allocCount) == s.nelems {throw("span has no free space")
}
// 更新 mcache 的 span
c.alloc[spc] = s
_g_.m.locks--
}
mcentral.cacheSpan
func (c *mcentral) cacheSpan() *mspan {
// Deduct credit for this span allocation and sweep if necessary.
spanBytes := uintptr(class_to_allocnpages[c.spanclass.sizeclass()]) * _PageSize
// 清理垃圾...
lock(&c.lock)
sg := mheap_.sweepgen
retry:
var s *mspan
for s = c.nonempty.first; s != nil; s = s.next {
// if sweepgen == h->sweepgen - 2, the span needs sweeping
// if sweepgen == h->sweepgen - 1, the span is currently being swept
// if sweepgen == h->sweepgen, the span is swept and ready to use
// h->sweepgen is incremented by 2 after every GC
// 需要清理的 span
if s.sweepgen == sg-2 && atomic.Cas(&s.sweepgen, sg-2, sg-1) {c.nonempty.remove(s)
c.empty.insertBack(s)
unlock(&c.lock)
s.sweep(true)
goto havespan
}
if s.sweepgen == sg-1 {
// the span is being swept by background sweeper, skip
continue
}
// we have a nonempty span that does not require sweeping, allocate from it
// 找到片 没有被 清理的 span,分配,跳转到 havespan 标签继续处理
c.nonempty.remove(s)
c.empty.insertBack(s)
unlock(&c.lock)
goto havespan
}
// 对于 上一轮循环中,可能 正在清扫的 span,清扫后的 span 可能会有有用的 span,所以在这里 在进行一次遍历检查
for s = c.empty.first; s != nil; s = s.next {if s.sweepgen == sg-2 && atomic.Cas(&s.sweepgen, sg-2, sg-1) {
// we have an empty span that requires sweeping,
// sweep it and see if we can free some space in it
c.empty.remove(s)
// swept spans are at the end of the list
c.empty.insertBack(s)
unlock(&c.lock)
s.sweep(true)
freeIndex := s.nextFreeIndex()
if freeIndex != s.nelems {
s.freeindex = freeIndex
goto havespan
}
lock(&c.lock)
// the span is still empty after sweep
// it is already in the empty list, so just retry
goto retry
}
if s.sweepgen == sg-1 {
// the span is being swept by background sweeper, skip
continue
}
// already swept empty span,
// all subsequent ones must also be either swept or in process of sweeping
break
}
unlock(&c.lock)
// Replenish central list if empty.
// 找不到 合适的 span,补充对应 classsize 的 span,grow 函数会调用 mheap.alloc 来填充 span,上面已经分析过了,不再赘述
s = c.grow()
if s == nil {return nil}
lock(&c.lock)
// 插入到 empty span list 后面
c.empty.insertBack(s)
unlock(&c.lock)
// At this point s is a non-empty span, queued at the end of the empty list,
// c is unlocked.
havespan:
cap := int32((s.npages << _PageShift) / s.elemsize)
n := cap - int32(s.allocCount)
if n == 0 || s.freeindex == s.nelems || uintptr(s.allocCount) == s.nelems {throw("span has no free objects")
}
// Assume all objects from this span will be allocated in the
// mcache. If it gets uncached, we'll adjust this.
atomic.Xadd64(&c.nmalloc, int64(n))
usedBytes := uintptr(s.allocCount) * s.elemsize
atomic.Xadd64(&memstats.heap_live, int64(spanBytes)-int64(usedBytes))
// 表示 span 为正在使用
s.incache = true
freeByteBase := s.freeindex &^ (64 - 1)
whichByte := freeByteBase / 8
// 更新 bitmap
// Init alloc bits cache.
s.refillAllocCache(whichByte)
// Adjust the allocCache so that s.freeindex corresponds to the low bit in
// s.allocCache.
s.allocCache >>= s.freeindex % 64
return s
}
到这里,如果 从 mcentral 找不到对应的 span,就开始了内存扩张之旅了,也就是我们上面分析的 mheap.alloc
,后面的分析就同上了
分配小结
综上,可以看出 Go 的内存分配的大致流程如下
- 首先判定 对象是 大对象 还是 普通对象还是 小对象
-
如果是 小对象
- 从 mcache 的 alloc 找到对应 classsize 的 mspan
- 如果当前 mspan 有足够的空间,分配并修改 mspan 的相关属性(nextFreeFast 函数中实现)
- 如果当前 mspan 没有足够的空间,从 mcentral 重新获取一块 对应 classsize 的 mspan,替换原先的 mspan,然后 分配并修改 mspan 的相关属性
- 如果 mcentral 没有足够的对应的 classsize 的 span,则去向 mheap 申请
- 如果 对应 classsize 的 span 没有了,则找一个相近的 classsize 的 span,切割并分配
- 如果 找不到相近的 classsize 的 span,则去向系统申请,并补充到 mheap 中
-
如果是普通对象,逻辑大致同小对象的 内存分配
- 首先查表,以确定 需要分配内存的对象的 sizeclass,并找到 对应 classsize 的 mspan
- 如果当前 mspan 有足够的空间,分配并修改 mspan 的相关属性(nextFreeFast 函数中实现)
- 如果当前 mspan 没有足够的空间,从 mcentral 重新获取一块 对应 classsize 的 mspan,替换原先的 mspan,然后 分配并修改 mspan 的相关属性
- 如果 mcentral 没有足够的对应的 classsize 的 span,则去向 mheap 申请
- 如果 对应 classsize 的 span 没有了,则找一个相近的 classsize 的 span,切割并分配
- 如果 找不到相近的 classsize 的 span,则去向系统申请,并补充到 mheap 中
-
如果是大对象,直接从 mheap 进行分配
- 如果 对应 classsize 的 span 没有了,则找一个相近的 classsize 的 span,切割并分配
- 如果 找不到相近的 classsize 的 span,则去向系统申请,并补充到 mheap 中
参考资料
《Go 语言学习笔记》
《图解 Go 语言内存分配》
《探索 Go 内存管理(分配)》
《Golang 内存管理》