Assuming you add a validation class via the frontend_class let's say "validate-custom-class" you'll need to use the following JS to add a custom validation based on a this class:
require([ 'jquery', 'jquery/ui', 'jquery/validate', 'mage/translate'], function($){ $.validator.addMethod( 'validate-custom-class', function (value) { // Add your validation logic here // Needs to return true if validation pass // Or false if validation fails }, $.mage.__('Field is not valid'));});