Assuming you add a validation class via the frontend_class let's say "validate-custom-class" you'll need to use the following JS to add a custom validation based on a this class:

require([    'jquery',    'jquery/ui',    'jquery/validate',    'mage/translate'], function($){     $.validator.addMethod(        'validate-custom-class', function (value) {         // Add your validation logic here        // Needs to return true if validation pass        // Or false if validation fails    }, $.mage.__('Field is not valid'));});