过程空间概要剖析
问题
execve(...)
的参数别离是什么?有什么意义?
int create_process(char *path, char *args[]){ int ret = fork(); if (ret == 0) { execve(path, args, NULL); } return ret;}
- execve 的实质是零碎调用而非函数!!
main 函数(默认过程入口)
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
agrc - 命令行参数个数argv - 命令行参数数组
留神:启动参数和环境变量 【拷贝】 于父过程
过程空间概要
过程参数存储剖析
mem.c
#include <stdio.h>#include <stdlib.h>static int g_init = 255;static float g_uninit;static void text(){}int main(int argc, char *argv[]){ static double s_init = 0.255; static double s_uninit; int i = 0; int *p = malloc(4); printf("argv[0] = %p\n", argv[0]); printf("&i = %p\n", &i); printf("p = %p\n", p); printf("&g_uninit = %p\n", &g_uninit); printf("&s_uninit = %p\n", &s_uninit); printf("&g_init = %p\n", &g_init); printf("&s_init = %p\n", &s_init); printf("text = %p\n", text); free(p); return 0;}
tiansong@tiansong:~/Desktop/linux$ ./mem.out argv[0] = 0x7fff7e27210c&i = 0x7fff7e270c0cp = 0x55c17314d2a0&g_uninit = 0x55c1717eb028&s_uninit = 0x55c1717eb030&g_init = 0x55c1717eb010&s_init = 0x55c1717eb018text = 0x55c1717e81a9
上面程序输入什么?为什么?
child.c
#include <stdio.h>#include <sys/types.h>#include <unistd.h>int main(int argc, char *argv[]){ int i = 0; sleep(3); for (i=0; i<argc; ++i) { printf("exec = %d %s\n", getpid(), argv[i]); } return 0;}
parent.c
#include <stdio.h>#include <sys/types.h>#include <unistd.h>#define EXE "helloword.out"int create_process(char *path, char *args[]){ int ret = fork(); if (ret == 0) { execve(path, args, NULL); } return ret;}void zero_str(char *s){ while (s && *s) *s++ = 0;}int main(){ char path[] = EXE; char arg1[] = "hello"; char arg2[] = "world"; char *args[] = {path, arg1, arg2, NULL}; printf("%d begin\n", getpid()); printf("%d child = %d\n", getpid(), create_process(EXE, args)); zero_str(path); zero_str(arg1); zero_str(arg2); printf("%d path = %s\n", getpid(), path); printf("%d arg1 = %s\n", getpid(), arg1); printf("%d arg2 = %s\n", getpid(), arg2); printf("%d end\n", getpid()); return 0;}
tiansong@tiansong:~/Desktop/linux$ gcc parent.c -o parent.outtiansong@tiansong:~/Desktop/linux$ gcc child.c -o helloword.outtiansong@tiansong:~/Desktop/linux$ ./parent.out 4665 begin4665 child = 46664665 path = 4665 arg1 = 4665 arg2 = 4665 endtiansong@tiansong:~/Desktop/linux$ exec = 4666 helloword.outexec = 4666 helloexec = 4666 world
- 命令行参数,启动参数,过程参数实质雷同
命令行参数标准
Linux 启动参数(命令行参数)标准
- 由选项,选项值,操作数组成
- 选项由短横线 (-) 开始,选项名必须是单个字母或数字字符
- 选项能够有选项值,选项与选项值之间可用空格分隔(
-o test ←→ -otest
) [举荐前者] - 如果多个选项均无选项值,可合而为一 (
-a-b-c ←→ -abc
) [举荐前者] - 既不是选项,也不能作为选项值的参数是操作数
- 第一次呈现的双横线 (--) 用于完结所有选项,后续参数为操作数
gcc test.c -o test.out 操作数 选项 选项值
Linux 启动参数(命令行参数)解析
- 规定 :
if:s
(-i, -s, -f 选项值) - 示例:
Linux 启动参数(命令行参数)编程
#include <unistd.h>extern char *optarg;extern int optind, opterr, optopt;int getopt(int argc, char *argv[], const char *optstring);
getopt(...)
从 argv[] 数组中获取启动参数,并依据 optstring 定义的规定进行解析getopt(...)
从 argc 和 argv 中获取下一个选项- 选项非法:返回值为选项字符,optarg 只想选项值字符串
- 选项不非法:返回字符 '?',optopt 保留以后选项字符(谬误)
- 选项非法但短少选项值:返回字符 ':',optopt 保留当权选项字符(谬误)
- 默认状况下:
getopt(...)
对 argv 进行重排,所有操作数位于最初地位
命令行参数编程
main.c
#include <stdio.h>#include <sys/types.h>#include <unistd.h>int main(int argc, char *argv[]){ int i = 0; int c = 0; int iflg = 0; int fflg = 0; int sflg = 0; char *fvalue = NULL; while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, "f:is")) != -1) { // -i, -s, -f 非法,同时 -f 须要携带选项值 switch (c) { case 'f': fflg = 1; fvalue = optarg; break; case 'i': iflg = 1; break; case 's': sflg = 1; break; case '?': printf("Unknow option: -%c\n", optopt); break; case ':': printf("-%c missing option argmuent\n", optopt); break; case 1: printf("inter: %s\n", optarg); break; default: printf("ret = %d\n", c); break; } } printf("fflg = %d, fvalue = %s, iflg = %d, sflg = %d\n", fflg, fvalue, iflg, sflg); for (i=optind; i<argc; ++i) { // option index, 每解决一个选项,下标 + 1 printf("parameter: %s\n", argv[i]); } return 0;}
tiansong@tiansong:~/Desktop/linux$ gcc main.c -o main.outtiansong@tiansong:~/Desktop/linux$ ./main.outfflg = 0, fvalue = (null), iflg = 0, sflg = 0tiansong@tiansong:~/Desktop/linux$ ./main.out -i fflg = 0, fvalue = (null), iflg = 1, sflg = 0tiansong@tiansong:~/Desktop/linux$ ./main.out abc -f./main.out: option requires an argument -- 'f' // 零碎默认输入Unknow option: -ffflg = 0, fvalue = (null), iflg = 0, sflg = 0parameter: abctiansong@tiansong:~/Desktop/linux$ ./main.out -- abc -ffflg = 0, fvalue = (null), iflg = 0, sflg = 0parameter: abcparameter: -ftiansong@tiansong:~/Desktop/linux$ ./main.out -v -m -n./main.out: invalid option -- 'v'Unknow option: -v./main.out: invalid option -- 'm'Unknow option: -m./main.out: invalid option -- 'n'Unknow option: -nfflg = 0, fvalue = (null), iflg = 0, sflg = 0
optstring 规定的扩大定义
起始字符能够是 :
:, +, -
或 省略- 省略 → 呈现选项谬误时,程序中通过
:
或?
进行解决并给出谬误提醒 :
→ 谬误提醒开关,程序中通过返回值:
或?
进行解决(无默认谬误提醒) 【敞开谬误提醒】+
→ 谬误提醒开关,遇见操作数是,返回 -1, 认为选项处理完毕(后续都是操作数) 【./demo.out a -v -n -m
, a 之后都为操作数,返回 -1】-
→ 不重排开关,遇见操作数时,返回 1 ,optarg 指向操作数字符串 【默认状况下:getopt(...) 对 argv 进行重排,所有操作数位于最初地位】- 组合 →
+:
or-:
- 省略 → 呈现选项谬误时,程序中通过
批改 main.c
, 敞开默认谬误提醒
while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, ":f:is")) != -1) {
tiansong@tiansong:~/Desktop/linux$ ./main.out -v -m -nUnknow option: -vUnknow option: -mUnknow option: -nfflg = 0, fvalue = (null), iflg = 0, sflg = 0
批改 main.c
, 遇见操作数立刻进行返回 -1
while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, "+:f:is")) != -1) {
tiansong@tiansong:~/Desktop/linux$ ./main.out -v abc -m -nUnknow option: -vfflg = 0, fvalue = (null), iflg = 0, sflg = 0parameter: abcparameter: -mparameter: -n
批改 main.c
, 不重排命令行参数,遇见操作数返回 1 ,后继续执行, optarg 指向操作数字符串
while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, "-:f:is")) != -1) {
tiansong@tiansong:~/Desktop/linux$ ./main.out -v abc -m -nUnknow option: -vinter: abc // 返回 1 后,继续执行Unknow option: -mUnknow option: -nfflg = 0, fvalue = (null), iflg = 0, sflg = 0
tiansong@tiansong:~/Desktop/linux$ ./main.out -v abc -m -n defUnknow option: -vinter: abcUnknow option: -mUnknow option: -ninter: deffflg = 0, fvalue = (null), iflg = 0, sflg = 0
问题:环境变量是什么?有什么意义?