问大家一个问题,如果Redis宕机,内存中的数据全副失落,怎么复原数据?

Redis 别离提供了 RDB 和 AOF 两种长久化机制:
RDB将数据库的快照(snapshot)以二进制的形式保留到磁盘中。
AOF则以协定文本的形式,将所有对数据库进行过写入的命令(及其参数)记录到AOF文件,以此达到记录数据库状态的目标。

(1) AOF日志是什么

AOF(Append Only File)日志是一种写后日志,在Redis先执行命令,把数据写入内存后,而后才记录日志,日志会追加到文件开端,所以叫AOF日志。

和咱们常见的WAL日志不同,WAL(Write Ahead Log)是写前日志,在理论写数据前,先把批改的数据记到日志文件中,再去执行命令,这个就要求数据库须要额定的查看命令是否正确。

(2) 为什么要用AOF

AOF日志的作用次要有2个:
1.用来在redis宕机后复原数据;
2.能够用来主从数据同步。

(3) AOF原理

(3.1) AOF命令同步原理

Redis将所有对数据库进行过写入的命令(及其参数)记录到 AOF 文件, 以此达到记录数据库状态的目标。

redis> RPUSH list 1 2 3 4(integer) 4redis> LRANGE list 0 -11) "1"2) "2"3) "3"4) "4"redis> KEYS *1) "list"redis> RPOP list"4"redis> LPOP list"1"redis> LPUSH list 1(integer) 3redis> LRANGE list 0 -11) "1"2) "2"3) "3"

那么其中四条对数据库有批改的写入命令就会被同步到 AOF 文件中:

RPUSH list 1 2 3 4RPOP listLPOP listLPUSH list 1

(3.2) Reids AOF数据存储形式

为了解决的不便, AOF文件应用网络通讯协定的格局来保留这些命令。

*2      # 示意这条命令的音讯体共2行$6      # 下一行的数据长度为6SELECT  # 音讯体$1      # 下一行数据长度为10       # 音讯体*6      # 示意这条命令的音讯体共6行$5      # 下一行的数据长度为5RPUSH   # 音讯体$4      # 下一行的数据长度为4list$11$12$13$14*2$4RPOP$4list*2$4LPOP$4list*3$5LPUSH$4list$11

除了 SELECT 命令是 AOF 程序本人加上去的之外, 其余命令都是之前咱们在终端里执行的命令。

(3.4) 同步命令到AOF文件的过程

同步命令到AOF文件的整个过程能够分为三个阶段:

  1. 命令流传:Redis 将执行完的命令、命令的参数、命令的参数个数等信息发送到AOF程序中。
  2. 缓存追加:AOF程序依据接管到的命令数据,将命令转换为网络通讯协定的格局,而后将协定内容追加到服务器的AOF缓存中。
  3. 文件写入和保留:AOF缓存中的内容被写入到AOF文件开端,如果设定的AOF保留条件被满足的话, fsync函数或者 fdatasync函数会被调用,将写入的内容真正地保留到磁盘中。


(4) AOF怎么应用

(4.1) 保留模式

Redis 目前反对三种 AOF 保留模式,它们别离是:

  1. AOF_FSYNC_NO:不保留。
  2. AOF_FSYNC_EVERYSEC :每一秒钟保留一次。
  3. AOF_FSYNC_ALWAYS :每执行一个命令保留一次。

(4.1) AOF 保留模式对性能和安全性的影响

对于三种 AOF 保留模式, 它们对服务器主过程的阻塞状况如下:

不保留(AOF_FSYNC_NO):写入和保留都由主过程执行,两个操作都会阻塞主过程。
每一秒钟保留一次(AOF_FSYNC_EVERYSEC):写入操作由主过程执行,阻塞主过程。保留操作由子线程执行,不间接阻塞主过程,但保留操作实现的快慢会影响写入操作的阻塞时长。
每执行一个命令保留一次(AOF_FSYNC_ALWAYS):和模式 1 一样。

(5) AOF重写

AOF 文件通过同步 Redis 服务器所执行的命令, 从而实现了数据库状态的记录, 然而, 这种同步形式会造成一个问题: 随着运行工夫的流逝, AOF 文件会变得越来越大。

举个例子, 如果服务器执行了以下命令,那么光是记录 list 键的状态, AOF 文件就须要保留四条命令。

RPUSH list 1 2 3 4      // [1, 2, 3, 4]RPOP list               // [1, 2, 3]LPOP list               // [2, 3]LPUSH list 1            // [1, 2, 3]

“重写”其实是一个有歧义的词语, 实际上, AOF 重写并不需要对原有的 AOF 文件进行任何写入和读取, 它针对的是数据库中键的以后值。
下面的例子,列表键 list 在数据库中的值就为 [1, 2, 3] 。
如果要保留这个列表的以后状态, 并且尽量减少所应用的命令数, 那么最简略的形式不是去 AOF 文件上剖析后面执行的四条命令, 而是间接读取 list 键在数据库的以后值, 而后用一条 RPUSH 1 2 3 命令来代替后面的四条命令。

列表、汇合、字符串、有序集、哈希表等键能够用相似的办法来保留状态, 并且保留这些状态所应用的命令数量, 比起之前建设这些键的状态所应用命令的数量要大大减少。

(5.1) AOF后盾重写

防止竞争aof文件

当子过程在执行AOF重写时, 主过程须要执行以下三个工作:
解决命令申请。
将写命令追加到现有的 AOF 文件中。
将写命令追加到 AOF 重写缓存中。

(5.2) AOF重写函数与触发机会

实现AOF重写的函数是 rewriteAppendOnlyFileBackground

触发AOF有3种办法:

  1. 执行 bgrewriteaof 命令,对应的函数是bgrewriteaofCommand
  2. 配置开始AOF重写,对应函数是startAppendOnly
  3. 周期性查看,对应函数是 serverCron 里的 rewriteAppendOnlyFileBackground

(5.2.1) 手动触发AOF重写-bgrewriteaofCommand

void bgrewriteaofCommand(client *c) {    if (server.aof_child_pid != -1) {  // 有AOF重写子过程         // 后盾曾经有重写过程        addReplyError(c,"Background append only file rewriting already in progress");    } else if (hasActiveChildProcess()) {  // 有沉闷子过程        //         server.aof_rewrite_scheduled = 1;        //         addReplyStatus(c,"Background append only file rewriting scheduled");    } else if (rewriteAppendOnlyFileBackground() == C_OK) {  // 理论执行AOF重写        addReplyStatus(c,"Background append only file rewriting started");    } else {        addReplyError(c,"Can't execute an AOF background rewriting. "                        "Please check the server logs for more information.");    }}

(5.2.2) 开始AOF从新-startAppendOnly

/* Called when the user switches from "appendonly no" to "appendonly yes" * at runtime using the CONFIG command. */int startAppendOnly(void) {    char cwd[MAXPATHLEN]; /* Current working dir path for error messages. */    int newfd;    newfd = open(server.aof_filename,O_WRONLY|O_APPEND|O_CREAT,0644);    serverAssert(server.aof_state == AOF_OFF);    if (newfd == -1) {        char *cwdp = getcwd(cwd,MAXPATHLEN);        serverLog(LL_WARNING,            "Redis needs to enable the AOF but can't open the "            "append only file %s (in server root dir %s): %s",            server.aof_filename,            cwdp ? cwdp : "unknown",            strerror(errno));        return C_ERR;    }    if (hasActiveChildProcess() && server.aof_child_pid == -1) {        server.aof_rewrite_scheduled = 1;        serverLog(LL_WARNING,"AOF was enabled but there is already another background operation. An AOF background was scheduled to start when possible.");    } else {        /* If there is a pending AOF rewrite, we need to switch it off and         * start a new one: the old one cannot be reused because it is not         * accumulating the AOF buffer. */        if (server.aof_child_pid != -1) {            serverLog(LL_WARNING,"AOF was enabled but there is already an AOF rewriting in background. Stopping background AOF and starting a rewrite now.");            killAppendOnlyChild();        }        if (rewriteAppendOnlyFileBackground() == C_ERR) {            close(newfd);            serverLog(LL_WARNING,"Redis needs to enable the AOF but can't trigger a background AOF rewrite operation. Check the above logs for more info about the error.");            return C_ERR;        }    }    /* We correctly switched on AOF, now wait for the rewrite to be complete     * in order to append data on disk. */    server.aof_state = AOF_WAIT_REWRITE;    server.aof_last_fsync = server.unixtime;    server.aof_fd = newfd;    return C_OK;}

(5.2.3) 周期性执行-serverCron

int serverCron(struct aeEventLoop *eventLoop, long long id, void *clientData) {    // 省略局部代码    /* Start a scheduled AOF rewrite if this was requested by the user while     * a BGSAVE was in progress. */    if (!hasActiveChildProcess() &&        server.aof_rewrite_scheduled)    {        rewriteAppendOnlyFileBackground();    }}

(5.3) AOF重写的根本过程

/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- * AOF background rewrite * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *//* This is how rewriting of the append only file in background works: * * 1) The user calls BGREWRITEAOF * 2) Redis calls this function, that forks(): *    2a) the child rewrite the append only file in a temp file. *    2b) the parent accumulates differences in server.aof_rewrite_buf. * 3) When the child finished '2a' exists. * 4) The parent will trap the exit code, if it's OK, will append the *    data accumulated into server.aof_rewrite_buf into the temp file, and *    finally will rename(2) the temp file in the actual file name. *    The the new file is reopened as the new append only file. Profit! */int rewriteAppendOnlyFileBackground(void) {    pid_t childpid;    if (hasActiveChildProcess()) return C_ERR;    if (aofCreatePipes() != C_OK) return C_ERR;    openChildInfoPipe();    if ((childpid = redisFork(CHILD_TYPE_AOF)) == 0) {        char tmpfile[256];        /* Child */        redisSetProcTitle("redis-aof-rewrite");        redisSetCpuAffinity(server.aof_rewrite_cpulist);        snprintf(tmpfile,256,"temp-rewriteaof-bg-%d.aof", (int) getpid());        if (rewriteAppendOnlyFile(tmpfile) == C_OK) {            sendChildCOWInfo(CHILD_TYPE_AOF, "AOF rewrite");            exitFromChild(0);        } else {            exitFromChild(1);        }    } else {        /* Parent */        if (childpid == -1) {            closeChildInfoPipe();            serverLog(LL_WARNING,                "Can't rewrite append only file in background: fork: %s",                strerror(errno));            aofClosePipes();            return C_ERR;        }        serverLog(LL_NOTICE,            "Background append only file rewriting started by pid %d",childpid);        server.aof_rewrite_scheduled = 0;        server.aof_rewrite_time_start = time(NULL);        server.aof_child_pid = childpid;        updateDictResizePolicy();        /* We set appendseldb to -1 in order to force the next call to the         * feedAppendOnlyFile() to issue a SELECT command, so the differences         * accumulated by the parent into server.aof_rewrite_buf will start         * with a SELECT statement and it will be safe to merge. */        server.aof_selected_db = -1;        replicationScriptCacheFlush();        return C_OK;    }    return C_OK; /* unreached */}

参考资料

https://weikeqin.com/tags/redis/

Redis源码分析与实战 学习笔记 Day19 19 AOF重写(上):触发机会与重写的影响
https://time.geekbang.org/col...