目前风行的强化学习算法包含 Q-learning、SARSA、DDPG、A2C、PPO、DQN 和 TRPO。 这些算法已被用于在游戏、机器人和决策制定等各种利用中,并且这些风行的算法还在一直倒退和改良,本文咱们将对其做一个简略的介绍。

1、Q-learning

Q-learning:Q-learning 是一种无模型、非策略的强化学习算法。 它应用 Bellman 方程预计最佳动作值函数,该方程迭代地更新给定状态动作对的估计值。 Q-learning 以其简略性和解决大型间断状态空间的能力而闻名。

上面是一个应用 Python 实现 Q-learning 的简略示例:

 importnumpyasnp  # Define the Q-table and the learning rate Q=np.zeros((state_space_size, action_space_size)) alpha=0.1  # Define the exploration rate and discount factor epsilon=0.1 gamma=0.99  forepisodeinrange(num_episodes):     current_state=initial_state     whilenotdone:         # Choose an action using an epsilon-greedy policy         ifnp.random.uniform(0, 1) <epsilon:             action=np.random.randint(0, action_space_size)         else:             action=np.argmax(Q[current_state])          # Take the action and observe the next state and reward         next_state, reward, done=take_action(current_state, action)          # Update the Q-table using the Bellman equation         Q[current_state, action] =Q[current_state, action] +alpha* (reward+gamma*np.max(Q[next_state]) -Q[current_state, action])          current_state=next_state

下面的示例中,state_space_size 和 action_space_size 别离是环境中的状态数和动作数。 num_episodes 是要为运行算法的轮次数。 initial_state 是环境的起始状态。 take_action(current_state, action) 是一个函数,它将以后状态和一个动作作为输出,并返回下一个状态、处分和一个批示轮次是否实现的布尔值。

在 while 循环中,应用 epsilon-greedy 策略依据以后状态抉择一个动作。 应用概率 epsilon抉择一个随机动作,应用概率 1-epsilon抉择对以后状态具备最高 Q 值的动作。

采取行动后,察看下一个状态和处分,应用Bellman方程更新q。 并将以后状态更新为下一个状态。这只是 Q-learning 的一个简略示例,并未思考 Q-table 的初始化和要解决的问题的具体细节。

2、SARSA

SARSA:SARSA 是一种无模型、基于策略的强化学习算法。 它也应用Bellman方程来预计动作价值函数,但它是基于下一个动作的期望值,而不是像 Q-learning 中的最优动作。 SARSA 以其解决随机动力学问题的能力而闻名。

 importnumpyasnp  # Define the Q-table and the learning rate Q=np.zeros((state_space_size, action_space_size)) alpha=0.1  # Define the exploration rate and discount factor epsilon=0.1 gamma=0.99  forepisodeinrange(num_episodes):     current_state=initial_state     action=epsilon_greedy_policy(epsilon, Q, current_state)     whilenotdone:         # Take the action and observe the next state and reward         next_state, reward, done=take_action(current_state, action)         # Choose next action using epsilon-greedy policy         next_action=epsilon_greedy_policy(epsilon, Q, next_state)         # Update the Q-table using the Bellman equation         Q[current_state, action] =Q[current_state, action] +alpha* (reward+gamma*Q[next_state, next_action] -Q[current_state, action])         current_state=next_state         action=next_action

state_space_size和action_space_size别离是环境中的状态和操作的数量。num_episodes是您想要运行SARSA算法的轮次数。Initial_state是环境的初始状态。take_action(current_state, action)是一个将以后状态和作为操作输出的函数,并返回下一个状态、处分和一个批示情节是否实现的布尔值。

在while循环中,应用在独自的函数epsilon_greedy_policy(epsilon, Q, current_state)中定义的epsilon-greedy策略来依据以后状态抉择操作。应用概率 epsilon抉择一个随机动作,应用概率 1-epsilon对以后状态具备最高 Q 值的动作。

下面与Q-learning雷同,然而采取了一个口头后,在察看下一个状态和处分时它而后应用贪婪策略抉择下一个口头。并应用Bellman方程更新q表。

3、DDPG

DDPG 是一种用于间断动作空间的无模型、非策略算法。 它是一种actor-critic算法,其中actor网络用于抉择动作,而critic网络用于评估动作。 DDPG 对于机器人管制和其余间断管制工作特地有用。

 importnumpyasnp fromkeras.modelsimportModel, Sequential fromkeras.layersimportDense, Input fromkeras.optimizersimportAdam  # Define the actor and critic models actor=Sequential() actor.add(Dense(32, input_dim=state_space_size, activation='relu')) actor.add(Dense(32, activation='relu')) actor.add(Dense(action_space_size, activation='tanh')) actor.compile(loss='mse', optimizer=Adam(lr=0.001))  critic=Sequential() critic.add(Dense(32, input_dim=state_space_size, activation='relu')) critic.add(Dense(32, activation='relu')) critic.add(Dense(1, activation='linear')) critic.compile(loss='mse', optimizer=Adam(lr=0.001))  # Define the replay buffer replay_buffer= []  # Define the exploration noise exploration_noise=OrnsteinUhlenbeckProcess(size=action_space_size, theta=0.15, mu=0, sigma=0.2)  forepisodeinrange(num_episodes):     current_state=initial_state     whilenotdone:         # Select an action using the actor model and add exploration noise         action=actor.predict(current_state)[0] +exploration_noise.sample()         action=np.clip(action, -1, 1)          # Take the action and observe the next state and reward         next_state, reward, done=take_action(current_state, action)          # Add the experience to the replay buffer         replay_buffer.append((current_state, action, reward, next_state, done))          # Sample a batch of experiences from the replay buffer         batch=sample(replay_buffer, batch_size)          # Update the critic model         states=np.array([x[0] forxinbatch])         actions=np.array([x[1] forxinbatch])         rewards=np.array([x[2] forxinbatch])         next_states=np.array([x[3] forxinbatch])          target_q_values=rewards+gamma*critic.predict(next_states)         critic.train_on_batch(states, target_q_values)          # Update the actor model         action_gradients=np.array(critic.get_gradients(states, actions))         actor.train_on_batch(states, action_gradients)          current_state=next_state

在本例中,state_space_size和action_space_size别离是环境中的状态和操作的数量。num_episodes是轮次数。Initial_state是环境的初始状态。Take_action (current_state, action)是一个函数,它承受以后状态和操作作为输出,并返回下一个操作。

4、A2C

A2C(Advantage Actor-Critic)是一种有策略的actor-critic算法,它应用Advantage函数来更新策略。 该算法实现简略,能够解决离散和间断的动作空间。

 importnumpyasnp fromkeras.modelsimportModel, Sequential fromkeras.layersimportDense, Input fromkeras.optimizersimportAdam fromkeras.utilsimportto_categorical  # Define the actor and critic models state_input=Input(shape=(state_space_size,)) actor=Dense(32, activation='relu')(state_input) actor=Dense(32, activation='relu')(actor) actor=Dense(action_space_size, activation='softmax')(actor) actor_model=Model(inputs=state_input, outputs=actor) actor_model.compile(loss='categorical_crossentropy', optimizer=Adam(lr=0.001))  state_input=Input(shape=(state_space_size,)) critic=Dense(32, activation='relu')(state_input) critic=Dense(32, activation='relu')(critic) critic=Dense(1, activation='linear')(critic) critic_model=Model(inputs=state_input, outputs=critic) critic_model.compile(loss='mse', optimizer=Adam(lr=0.001))  forepisodeinrange(num_episodes):     current_state=initial_state     done=False     whilenotdone:         # Select an action using the actor model and add exploration noise         action_probs=actor_model.predict(np.array([current_state]))[0]         action=np.random.choice(range(action_space_size), p=action_probs)          # Take the action and observe the next state and reward         next_state, reward, done=take_action(current_state, action)          # Calculate the advantage         target_value=critic_model.predict(np.array([next_state]))[0][0]         advantage=reward+gamma*target_value-critic_model.predict(np.array([current_state]))[0][0]          # Update the actor model         action_one_hot=to_categorical(action, action_space_size)         actor_model.train_on_batch(np.array([current_state]), advantage*action_one_hot)          # Update the critic model         critic_model.train_on_batch(np.array([current_state]), reward+gamma*target_value)          current_state=next_state

在这个例子中,actor模型是一个神经网络,它有2个暗藏层,每个暗藏层有32个神经元,具备relu激活函数,输入层具备softmax激活函数。critic模型也是一个神经网络,它有2个隐含层,每层32个神经元,具备relu激活函数,输入层具备线性激活函数。

应用分类穿插熵损失函数训练actor模型,应用均方误差损失函数训练critic模型。动作是依据actor模型预测抉择的,并增加了用于摸索的噪声。

5、PPO

PPO(Proximal Policy Optimization)是一种策略算法,它应用信赖域优化的办法来更新策略。 它在具备高维察看和间断动作空间的环境中特地有用。 PPO 以其稳定性和高样品效率而著称。

 importnumpyasnp fromkeras.modelsimportModel, Sequential fromkeras.layersimportDense, Input fromkeras.optimizersimportAdam  # Define the policy model state_input=Input(shape=(state_space_size,)) policy=Dense(32, activation='relu')(state_input) policy=Dense(32, activation='relu')(policy) policy=Dense(action_space_size, activation='softmax')(policy) policy_model=Model(inputs=state_input, outputs=policy)  # Define the value model value_model=Model(inputs=state_input, outputs=Dense(1, activation='linear')(policy))  # Define the optimizer optimizer=Adam(lr=0.001)  forepisodeinrange(num_episodes):     current_state=initial_state     whilenotdone:         # Select an action using the policy model         action_probs=policy_model.predict(np.array([current_state]))[0]         action=np.random.choice(range(action_space_size), p=action_probs)          # Take the action and observe the next state and reward         next_state, reward, done=take_action(current_state, action)          # Calculate the advantage         target_value=value_model.predict(np.array([next_state]))[0][0]         advantage=reward+gamma*target_value-value_model.predict(np.array([current_state]))[0][0]          # Calculate the old and new policy probabilities         old_policy_prob=action_probs[action]         new_policy_prob=policy_model.predict(np.array([next_state]))[0][action]          # Calculate the ratio and the surrogate loss         ratio=new_policy_prob/old_policy_prob         surrogate_loss=np.minimum(ratio*advantage, np.clip(ratio, 1-epsilon, 1+epsilon) *advantage)          # Update the policy and value models         policy_model.trainable_weights=value_model.trainable_weights         policy_model.compile(optimizer=optimizer, loss=-surrogate_loss)         policy_model.train_on_batch(np.array([current_state]), np.array([action_one_hot]))         value_model.train_on_batch(np.array([current_state]), reward+gamma*target_value)          current_state=next_state

6、DQN

DQN(深度 Q 网络)是一种无模型、非策略算法,它应用神经网络来迫近 Q 函数。 DQN 特地实用于 Atari 游戏和其余相似问题,其中状态空间是高维的,并应用神经网络近似 Q 函数。

 importnumpyasnp fromkeras.modelsimportSequential fromkeras.layersimportDense, Input fromkeras.optimizersimportAdam fromcollectionsimportdeque  # Define the Q-network model model=Sequential() model.add(Dense(32, input_dim=state_space_size, activation='relu')) model.add(Dense(32, activation='relu')) model.add(Dense(action_space_size, activation='linear')) model.compile(loss='mse', optimizer=Adam(lr=0.001))  # Define the replay buffer replay_buffer=deque(maxlen=replay_buffer_size)  forepisodeinrange(num_episodes):     current_state=initial_state     whilenotdone:         # Select an action using an epsilon-greedy policy         ifnp.random.rand() <epsilon:             action=np.random.randint(0, action_space_size)         else:             action=np.argmax(model.predict(np.array([current_state]))[0])          # Take the action and observe the next state and reward         next_state, reward, done=take_action(current_state, action)          # Add the experience to the replay buffer         replay_buffer.append((current_state, action, reward, next_state, done))          # Sample a batch of experiences from the replay buffer         batch=random.sample(replay_buffer, batch_size)          # Prepare the inputs and targets for the Q-network         inputs=np.array([x[0] forxinbatch])         targets=model.predict(inputs)         fori, (state, action, reward, next_state, done) inenumerate(batch):             ifdone:                 targets[i, action] =reward             else:                 targets[i, action] =reward+gamma*np.max(model.predict(np.array([next_state]))[0])          # Update the Q-network         model.train_on_batch(inputs, targets)          current_state=next_state

下面的代码,Q-network有2个暗藏层,每个暗藏层有32个神经元,应用relu激活函数。该网络应用均方误差损失函数和Adam优化器进行训练。

7、TRPO

TRPO (Trust Region Policy Optimization)是一种无模型的策略算法,它应用信赖域优化办法来更新策略。 它在具备高维察看和间断动作空间的环境中特地有用。

TRPO 是一个简单的算法,须要多个步骤和组件来实现。TRPO不是用几行代码就能实现的简略算法。

所以咱们这里应用实现了TRPO的现有库,例如OpenAI Baselines,它提供了包含TRPO在内的各种事后实现的强化学习算法,。

要在OpenAI Baselines中应用TRPO,咱们须要装置:

 pip install baselines

而后能够应用baselines库中的trpo_mpi模块在你的环境中训练TRPO代理,这里有一个简略的例子:

 importgym frombaselines.common.vec_env.dummy_vec_envimportDummyVecEnv frombaselines.trpo_mpiimporttrpo_mpi  #Initialize the environment env=gym.make("CartPole-v1") env=DummyVecEnv([lambda: env])  # Define the policy network policy_fn=mlp_policy  #Train the TRPO model model=trpo_mpi.learn(env, policy_fn, max_iters=1000)

咱们应用Gym库初始化环境。而后定义策略网络,并调用TRPO模块中的learn()函数来训练模型。

还有许多其余库也提供了TRPO的实现,例如TensorFlow、PyTorch和RLLib。上面时一个应用TF 2.0实现的样例

 importtensorflowastf importgym  # Define the policy network classPolicyNetwork(tf.keras.Model):     def__init__(self):         super(PolicyNetwork, self).__init__()         self.dense1=tf.keras.layers.Dense(16, activation='relu')         self.dense2=tf.keras.layers.Dense(16, activation='relu')         self.dense3=tf.keras.layers.Dense(1, activation='sigmoid')      defcall(self, inputs):         x=self.dense1(inputs)         x=self.dense2(x)         x=self.dense3(x)         returnx  # Initialize the environment env=gym.make("CartPole-v1")  # Initialize the policy network policy_network=PolicyNetwork()  # Define the optimizer optimizer=tf.optimizers.Adam()  # Define the loss function loss_fn=tf.losses.BinaryCrossentropy()  # Set the maximum number of iterations max_iters=1000  # Start the training loop foriinrange(max_iters):     # Sample an action from the policy network     action=tf.squeeze(tf.random.categorical(policy_network(observation), 1))      # Take a step in the environment     observation, reward, done, _=env.step(action)      withtf.GradientTape() astape:         # Compute the loss         loss=loss_fn(reward, policy_network(observation))      # Compute the gradients     grads=tape.gradient(loss, policy_network.trainable_variables)      # Perform the update step     optimizer.apply_gradients(zip(grads, policy_network.trainable_variables))      ifdone:         # Reset the environment         observation=env.reset()

在这个例子中,咱们首先应用TensorFlow的Keras API定义一个策略网络。而后应用Gym库和策略网络初始化环境。而后定义用于训练策略网络的优化器和损失函数。

在训练循环中,从策略网络中采样一个动作,在环境中前进一步,而后应用TensorFlow的GradientTape计算损失和梯度。而后咱们应用优化器执行更新步骤。

这是一个简略的例子,只展现了如何在TensorFlow 2.0中实现TRPO。TRPO是一个非常复杂的算法,这个例子没有涵盖所有的细节,但它是试验TRPO的一个很好的终点。

总结

以上就是咱们总结的7个罕用的强化学习算法,这些算法并不互相排挤,通常与其余技术(如值函数迫近、基于模型的办法和集成办法)联合应用,能够取得更好的后果。

https://avoid.overfit.cn/post/82000e3c65a14403b5e4defae28b703b

作者:Siddhartha Pramanik