数据类型

您能够应用type()函数获取任何对象的数据类型。

x = 5print(type(x))

数字类型

x = 1    # inty = 2.8  # floatz = 1j   # complex

Int,或integer,是一个长度不限的整数,负数或正数,不带小数。

x = 1y = 35656222554887711z = -3255522

浮点数,或“浮点数”是一个蕴含一个或多个小数的负数或正数。

x = 1.10y = 1.0z = -35.59

浮点数也能够是迷信数字,用“e”示意10的幂。

x = 35e3y = 12E4z = -87.7e100

复数是用“j”作为虚部写成的

x = 3+5jy = 5jz = -5j

您能够应用int()、float()和complex()办法从一种类型转换为另一种类型

x = 1    # inty = 2.8  # floatz = 1j   # complex#convert from int to float:a = float(x)#convert from float to int:b = int(y)#convert from int to complex:c = complex(x)

Python没有生成随机数的random()函数,但Python有一个内置的模块,名为random,可用于生成随机数

import randomprint(random.randrange(1, 10))

字符串

能够应用三个引号将多行字符串指定变量

a = """Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet,consectetur adipiscing elit,sed do eiusmod tempor incididuntut labore et dolore magna aliqua."""print(a)

要取得字符串的长度,请应用len()函数。

a = "Hello, World!"print(len(a))

要查看字符串中是否存在某个短语或字符,能够在中应用关键字in或者not in

txt = "The best things in life are free!"print("free" in txt)
txt = "The best things in life are free!"print("expensive" not in txt)

upper()办法以大写模式返回字符串

a = "Hello, World!"print(a.upper())

lower()办法以小写模式返回字符串

a = "Hello, World!"print(a.lower())

strip()办法从结尾或结尾删除任何空格

a = " Hello, World! "print(a.strip()) # returns "Hello, World!"

replace()办法将一个字符串替换为另一个字符串

a = "Hello, World!"print(a.replace("H", "J"))

split()办法返回一个列表,其中指定分隔符之间的文本成为列表项。

a = "Hello, World!"print(a.split(",")) # returns ['Hello', ' World!']

要连贯或组合两个字符串,能够应用+运算符。

a = "Hello"b = "World"c = a + bprint(c)

format()办法承受传递的参数,对其进行格式化,并将其搁置在占位符{}所在的字符串中

age = 36txt = "My name is John, and I am {}"print(txt.format(age))

format()办法承受有限数量的参数,并搁置在相应的占位符中:

quantity = 3itemno = 567price = 49.95myorder = "I want {} pieces of item {} for {} dollars."print(myorder.format(quantity, itemno, price))

您能够应用索引号{0},以确保参数搁置在正确的占位符中

quantity = 3itemno = 567price = 49.95myorder = "I want to pay {2} dollars for {0} pieces of item {1}."print(myorder.format(quantity, itemno, price))

要在字符串中插入非法字符,请应用转义字符。

txt = "We are the so-called \"Vikings\" from the north."

布尔值

除了空值(如()、[]、{}、“、数字0和值None)之外,没有多少值的计算结果为False。当然,值False的计算结果为False。

# 上面将返回Falsebool(False)bool(None)bool(0)bool("")bool(())bool([])bool({})

Python运算符

Python算术运算符

OperatorNameExample
+Additionx + y
-Subtractionx - y
*Multiplicationx * y
/Divisionx / y
%Modulusx % y
**Exponentiationx ** y
//Floor divisionx // y

赋值运算符

OperatorExampleSame As
=x = 5x = 5
+=x += 3x = x + 3
-=x -= 3x = x - 3
*=x *= 3x = x * 3
/=x /= 3x = x / 3
%=x %= 3x = x % 3
//=x //= 3x = x // 3
**=x **= 3x = x ** 3
&=x &= 3x = x & 3
\=x \= 3x = x \3
^=x ^= 3x = x ^ 3
>>=x >>= 3x = x >> 3
<<=x <<= 3x = x << 3

比拟运算符

OperatorNameExample
==Equalx == y
!=Not equalx != y
>Greater thanx > y
<Less thanx < y
>=Greater than or equal tox >= y
<=Less than or equal tox <= y

逻辑运算符

OperatorDescriptionExample
andReturns True if both statements are truex < 5 and x < 10
orReturns True if one of the statements is truex < 5 or x < 4
notReverse the result, returns False if the result is truenot(x < 5 and x < 10)

身份运算符

OperatorDescriptionExample
isReturns True if both variables are the same objectx is y
is notReturns True if both variables are not the same objectx is not y

成员运算符

OperatorDescriptionExample
inReturns True if a sequence with the specified value is present in the objectx in y
not inReturns True if a sequence with the specified value is not present in the objectx not in y

位运算符

OperatorNameDescription
&ANDSets each bit to 1 if both bits are 1
\ORSets each bit to 1 if one of two bits is 1
^XORSets each bit to 1 if only one of two bits is 1
~NOTInverts all the bits
<<Zero fill left shiftShift left by pushing zeros in from the right and let the leftmost bits fall off
>>Signed right shiftShift right by pushing copies of the leftmost bit in from the left, and let the rightmost bits fall off