作者:韩信子@ShowMeAI
数据分析实战系列:https://www.showmeai.tech/tutorials/40
机器学习实战系列:https://www.showmeai.tech/tutorials/41
本文地址:https://www.showmeai.tech/article-detail/300
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一份来自『RESEARCH AND MARKETS』的二手车报告预计,从 2022 年到 2030 年,寰球二手车市场将以 6.1% 的复合年增长率增长,到 2030 年达到 2.67 万亿美元。人工智能技术的宽泛应用减少了车主和买家之间的透明度,晋升了购买体验,极大地推动了二手车市场的增长。

基于机器学习对二手车交易价格进行预估,这一技术曾经在二手车交易平台中宽泛应用。在本篇内容中,ShowMeAI 会残缺构建用于二手车价格预估的模型,并部署成web利用。

数据分析解决&特色工程

本案例波及的数据集能够在 kaggle汽车价格预测 获取,也能够在ShowMeAI的百度网盘地址间接下载。

实战数据集下载(百度网盘):公众号『ShowMeAI钻研核心』回复『实战』,或者点击 这里 获取本文 [[11] 构建AI模型并部署Web利用,预测二手车价格](https://www.showmeai.tech/art...) 『CarPrice 二手车价格预测数据集

ShowMeAI官网GitHub:https://github.com/ShowMeAI-Hub

① 数据摸索

数据分析解决波及的工具和技能,欢送大家查阅ShowMeAI对应的教程和工具速查表,快学快用。

  • 图解数据分析:从入门到精通系列教程
  • 数据迷信工具库速查表 | Pandas 速查表
  • 数据迷信工具库速查表 | Seaborn 速查表

咱们先加载数据并初步查看信息。

import numpy as npimport pandas as pdimport seaborn as snsimport matplotlib.pyplot as pltimport pickle%matplotlib.inlinedf=pd.read_csv('CarPrice_Assignment.csv')df.head()

数据 Dataframe 的数据预览如下:

咱们对属性字段做点剖析,看看哪些字段与价格最相干,咱们先计算相关性矩阵

df.corr()

再对相关性进行热力求可视化。

sns.set(rc={"figure.figsize":(20, 20)})sns.heatmap(df.corr(), annot = True)

其中各字段和price的相关性如下图所示,咱们能够看到其中有些字段和后果之间有十分强的相关性。

咱们能够对数值型字段,别离和price指标字段进行绘图详细分析,如下:

for col in df.columns:     if df[col].dtypes != 'object':        sns.lmplot(data = df, x = col, y = 'price')

可视化后果图如下:

咱们把一些与价格相关性低(r<0.15)的字段删除掉:

df.drop(['car_ID'], axis = 1, inplace = True) to_drop = ['peakrpm', 'compressionratio', 'stroke', 'symboling']df.drop(df[to_drop], axis = 1, inplace = True)

② 特色工程

特色工程波及的办法技能,欢送大家查阅ShowMeAI对应的教程文章,快学快用。

  • 机器学习实战 | 机器学习特色工程最全解读

车名列包含品牌和型号,咱们对其拆分并仅保留品牌:

df['CarName'] = df['CarName'].apply(lambda x: x.split()[0]) 

输入:

咱们发现有一些车品牌的别称或者拼写错误,咱们做一点数据荡涤如下:

df['CarName'] = df['CarName'].str.lower()df['CarName']=df['CarName'].replace({'vw':'volkswagen','vokswagen':'volkswagen','toyouta':'toyota','maxda':'mazda','porcshce':'porsche'})

再对不同车品牌的数量做绘图,如下:

sns.set(rc={'figure.figsize':(30,10)})sns.countplot(data = df, x='CarName')

③ 特色编码&数据变换

上面咱们要做进一步的特色工程:

  • 类别型特色

大部分机器学习模型并不能解决类别型数据,咱们会手动对其进行编码操作。类别型特色的编码能够采纳 序号编码 或者 独热向量编码(具体参见ShowMeAI文章 机器学习实战 | 机器学习特色工程最全解读),独热向量编码示意图如下:

  • 数值型特色

针对不同的模型,有不同的解决形式,比方幅度缩放和散布调整。

上面咱们先将数据集的字段分为两类:类别型和数值型:

categorical = []numerical = []for col in df.columns:   if df[col].dtypes == 'object':      categorical.append(col)   else:      numerical.append(col)

上面咱们应用pandas中的哑变量变换操作把所有标记为“categorical”的特色进行独热向量编码。

# 独热向量编码x1 = pd.get_dummies(df[categorical], drop_first = False)x2 = df[numerical]X = pd.concat([x2,x1], axis = 1)X.drop('price', axis = 1, inplace = True)

上面咱们对数值型特色进行解决,首先咱们看看标签字段price,咱们先绘制一下它的散布,如下:

sns.histplot(data=df, x="price", kde=True) 

大家从图上能够看出这是一个有偏散布。咱们对它做一个对数解决,以使其更靠近正态分布。(另外一个考量是,如果咱们以对数后的后果作为标签来建模学习,那还原回 price 的过程,会应用指数操作,这能保障咱们失去的价格肯定是负数) ,代码如下:

#修复偏态散布 df["price_log"]=np.log(df["price"])sns.histplot(data=df, x="price_log", kde=True)

校对过后的数据分布更靠近正态分布了,做过这些根底解决之后,咱们筹备开始建模了。

机器学习建模

① 数据集切分&数据变换

让咱们拆分数据集为训练和测试集,并对其进行根本的数据变换操作:

#切分数据 from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_splity = df['price_log']X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, test_size= 0.333, random_state=1) #特色工程-幅度缩放from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScalersc= StandardScaler()X_train[:, :(len(x1.columns))]= sc.fit_transform(X_train[:, :(len(x1.columns))])X_test[:, :(len(x1.columns))]= sc.transform(X_test[:, :(len(x1.columns))])

② 建模&调优

建模波及的办法技能,欢送大家查阅ShowMeAI对应的教程文章,快学快用。

  • 机器学习实战 | SKLearn最全利用指南

咱们这里的数据集并不大(样本数不多),基于模型复杂度和成果思考,咱们先测试 4 个模型,看看哪一个体现最好。

  • Lasso regression
  • Ridge regression
  • 随机森林回归器
  • XGBoost回归器

咱们先从scikit-learn导入对应的模型,如下:

#回归模型 from sklearn.linear_model import Lasso, Ridgefrom sklearn.ensemble import RandomForestRegressorimport xgboost as xgb

③ 建模 pipeline

为了让整个建模过程更加紧凑简介,咱们创立一个pipeline来训练和调优模型。 具体步骤为:

  • 应用随机超参数训练评估每个模型。
  • 应用网格搜寻调优每个模型的超参数。
  • 用找到的最佳参数从新训练评估模型。

咱们先从 scikit-learn 导入网格搜寻:

from sklearn.model_selection import GridSearchCV

接着咱们构建一个全面的评估指标函数,打印每个拟合模型的指标(R 平方、均方根误差和均匀绝对误差等):

def metrics(model):   res_r2 = []   res_RMSE = []   res_MSE = []   model.fit(X_train, y_train)   Y_pred = model.predict(X_test)      #计算R方   r2 = round(r2_score(y_test, Y_pred),4)   print( 'R2_Score: ', r2)   res_r2.append(r2)         #计算RMSE   rmse = round(mean_squared_error(np.exp(y_test),np.exp(Y_pred), squared=False), 2)   print("RMSE: ",rmse)   res_RMSE.append(rmse)      #计算MAE   mse = round(mean_absolute_error(np.exp(y_test),np.exp(Y_pred)), 2)   print("MAE: ", mse)   res_MSE.append(mse)

上面要构建pipeline了:

# 候选模型models={   'rfr':RandomForestRegressor(bootstrap=False, max_depth=15, max_features='sqrt', min_samples_split=2, n_estimators=100),      'lasso':Lasso(alpha=0.005, fit_intercept=True),      'ridge':Ridge(alpha = 10, fit_intercept=True), 'xgb':xgb.XGBRegressor(bootstrap=True, max_depth=2, max_features = 'auto', min_sample_split = 2, n_estimators = 100)}# 不同的模型不同建模办法for mod in models:   if mod == 'rfr' or mod == 'xgb':     print('Untuned metrics for: ', mod)     metrics(models[mod])     print('\n')     print('Starting grid search for: ', mod)     params = {       "n_estimators"      : [10,100, 1000, 2000, 4000, 6000],       "max_features"      : ["auto", "sqrt", "log2"],       "max_depth"         : [2, 4, 8, 12, 15],       "min_samples_split" : [2,4,8],       "bootstrap": [True, False],    }    if mod == 'rfr':       rfr = RandomForestRegressor()       grid = GridSearchCV(rfr, params, verbose=5, cv=2)       grid.fit(X_train, y_train)       print("Best score: ", grid.best_score_ )       print("Best: params", grid.best_params_)    else:       xgboost = xgb.XGBRegressor()       grid = GridSearchCV(xgboost, params, verbose=5, cv=2)       grid.fit(X_train, y_train)       print("Best score: ", grid.best_score_ )       print("Best: params", grid.best_params_)   else:      print('Untuned metrics for: ', mod)      metrics(models[mod])      print('\n')      print('Starting grid search for: ', mod)      params = {         "alpha": [0.005, 0.05, 0.1, 1, 10, 100, 290, 500],         "fit_intercept": [True, False]      }      if mod == 'lasso':         lasso = Lasso()         grid = GridSearchCV(lasso, params, verbose = 5, cv = 2)         grid.fit(X_train, y_train)         print("Best score: ", grid.best_score_ )          print("Best: params", grid.best_params_)      else:         ridge = Ridge()         grid = GridSearchCV(ridge, params, verbose = 5, cv = 2)         grid.fit(X_train, y_train)         print("Best score: ", grid.best_score_ )         print("Best: params", grid.best_params_)

以下是随机调整模型的后果:

在未调超参数的状况下,咱们看到差别不大的R方后果,但 Lasso 的误差最小。

咱们再看看网格搜寻的后果,以找到每个模型的最佳参数:

当初让咱们将这些参数利用于每个模型,并查看后果:

调参后的后果相比默认超参数,都有晋升,但 Lasso回归仍旧有最佳的成果(与本例的数据集样本量和特色相关性无关),咱们最终保留Lasso回归模型并存储模型到本地。

lasso_reg = Lasso(alpha = 0.005, fit_intercept = True)pickle.dump(lasso_reg, open('model.pkl','wb'))

web利用开发

上面咱们把下面失去的模型部署到网页端,造成一个能够实时预估的利用,咱们这里应用 gradio 库来开发 Web 应用程序,理论的web利用预估蕴含上面的步骤:

  • 用户在网页表单中输出数据
  • 解决数据(特色编码&变换)
  • 数据处理以匹配模型输出格局
  • 预测并出现给用户的价格

① 根本开发

首先,咱们导入原始数据集和做过数据处理(独热向量编码)的数据集,并保留它们各自的列。

# df的列#Columns of the dfdf = pd.read_csv('df_columns')df.drop(['Unnamed: 0','price'], axis = 1, inplace=True)cols = df.columns# df的哑变量列dummy = pd.read_csv('dummy_df')dummy.drop('Unnamed: 0', axis = 1, inplace=True)cols_to_use = dummy.columns

接下来,对于类别型特色,咱们构建web利用端下拉选项:

# 构建利用中的候选值# 车品牌首字母大写cars = df['CarName'].unique().tolist()carNameCap = []for col in cars:   carNameCap.append(col.capitalize())#fueltype字段fuel = df['fueltype'].unique().tolist()fuelCap = []for fu in fuel:   fuelCap.append(fu.capitalize())#carbod, engine type, fuel systems等字段carb = df['carbody'].unique().tolist()engtype = df['enginetype'].unique().tolist()fuelsys = df['fuelsystem'].unique().tolist()

OK,咱们会针对下面这些模型预估须要用到的类别型字段,开发下拉性能并增加候选项。

上面咱们定义一个函数进行数据处理,并预估返回价格:

# 数据变换处理以匹配模型def transform(data):   # 数据幅度缩放   sc = StandardScaler()      # 导入模型   model= pickle.load(open('model.pkl','rb'))      # 新数据Dataframe   new_df = pd.DataFrame([data],columns = cols)      # 辨别类别型和数值型特色   cat = []   num = []   for col in new_df.columns:      if new_df[col].dtypes == 'object':         cat.append(col)      else:         num.append(col)        x1_new = pd.get_dummies(new_df[cat], drop_first = False)    x2_new = new_df[num]        X_new = pd.concat([x2_new,x1_new], axis = 1)    final_df = pd.DataFrame(columns = cols_to_use)    final_df = pd.concat([final_df, X_new])    final_df = final_df.fillna(0)    X_new = final_df.values    X_new[:, :(len(x1_new.columns))]= sc.fit_transform(X_new[:,:(len(x1_new.columns))])        output = model.predict(X_new)    return "The price of the car " + str(round(np.exp(output)[0],2)) + "$"

上面咱们在gradio web应用程序中创立元素,咱们会为类别型字段构建下拉菜单或复选框,为数值型字段构建输入框。 参考代码如下:

# 类别型car = gr.Dropdown(label = "Car brand", choices=carNameCap)# 数值型curbweight = gr.Slider(label = "Weight of the car (in pounds)", minimum = 500, maximum = 6000)

当初,让咱们在界面中增加所有内容:

所有就绪就能够部署了!

② 部署

上面咱们把下面失去利用部署一下,首先咱们对于利用的 ip 和端口做一点设定

export GRADIO_SERVER_NAME=0.0.0.0export GRADIO_SERVER_PORT="$PORT"

大家确定应用pip装置好下述依赖:

numpy                            pandas                             scikit-learn                             gradio                             Flask                             argparse                             gunicorn                             rq

接着运行 python WebApp.py 就能够测试应用程序了,WebApp.py内容如下:

import gradio as grimport numpy as npimport pandas as pdimport picklefrom sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler# 数据字典asp = {    'Standard':'std',   'Turbo':'turbo'}drivew = {    'Rear wheel drive': 'rwd',    'Front wheel drive': 'fwd',     '4 wheel drive': '4wd'}cylnum = {    2: 'two',    3: 'three',     4: 'four',    5: 'five',     6: 'six',     8: 'eight',    12: 'twelve'}# 原始df字段名df = pd.read_csv('df_columns')df.drop(['Unnamed: 0','price'], axis = 1, inplace=True)cols = df.columns# 独热向量编码过后的字段名dummy = pd.read_csv('dummy_df')dummy.drop('Unnamed: 0', axis = 1, inplace=True)cols_to_use = dummy.columns# 车品牌名cars = df['CarName'].unique().tolist()carNameCap = []for col in cars:    carNameCap.append(col.capitalize())# fuelfuel = df['fueltype'].unique().tolist()fuelCap = []for fu in fuel:    fuelCap.append(fu.capitalize())#For carbod, engine type, fuel systmecarb = df['carbody'].unique().tolist() engtype = df['enginetype'].unique().tolist()fuelsys = df['fuelsystem'].unique().tolist()#Function to model data to fit the modeldef transform(data):    # 数值型幅度缩放    sc= StandardScaler()    # 导入模型    lasso_reg = pickle.load(open('model.pkl','rb'))    # 新数据Dataframe    new_df = pd.DataFrame([data],columns = cols)    # 切分类别型与数值型字段    cat = []    num = []    for col in new_df.columns:         if new_df[col].dtypes == 'object':             cat.append(col)        else:             num.append(col)    # 构建模型所需数据格式    x1_new = pd.get_dummies(new_df[cat], drop_first = False)    x2_new = new_df[num]    X_new = pd.concat([x2_new,x1_new], axis = 1)        final_df = pd.DataFrame(columns = cols_to_use)    final_df = pd.concat([final_df, X_new])    final_df = final_df.fillna(0)    final_df = pd.concat([final_df,dummy])    X_new = final_df.values    X_new[:, :(len(x1_new.columns))]= sc.fit_transform(X_new[:, :(len(x1_new.columns))])    print(X_new[-1].reshape(-1, 1))    output = lasso_reg.predict(X_new[-1].reshape(1, -1))    return "The price of the car " + str(round(np.exp(output)[0],2)) + "$"# 预估价格的主函数def predict_price(car, fueltype, aspiration, doornumber, carbody, drivewheel, enginelocation, wheelbase, carlength, carwidth,                 carheight, curbweight, enginetype, cylindernumber, enginesize, fuelsystem, boreratio, horsepower, citympg, highwaympg):     new_data = [car.lower(), fueltype.lower(), asp[aspiration], doornumber.lower(), carbody, drivew[drivewheel], enginelocation.lower(),                wheelbase, carlength, carwidth, carheight, curbweight, enginetype, cylnum[cylindernumber], enginesize, fuelsystem,                 boreratio, horsepower, citympg, highwaympg]        return transform(new_data) car = gr.Dropdown(label = "Car brand", choices=carNameCap)fueltype = gr.Radio(label = "Fuel Type", choices = fuelCap)aspiration = gr.Radio(label = "Aspiration type", choices = ["Standard", "Turbo"])doornumber = gr.Radio(label = "Number of doors", choices = ["Two", "Four"])carbody = gr.Dropdown(label ="Car body type", choices = carb)drivewheel = gr.Radio(label = "Drive wheel", choices = ['Rear wheel drive', 'Front wheel drive', '4 wheel drive'])enginelocation = gr.Radio(label = "Engine location", choices = ['Front', 'Rear'])wheelbase = gr.Slider(label = "Distance between the wheels on the side of the car (in inches)", minimum = 50, maximum = 300)carlength = gr.Slider(label = "Length of the car (in inches)", minimum = 50, maximum = 300)carwidth = gr.Slider(label = "Width of the car (in inches)", minimum = 50, maximum = 300)carheight = gr.Slider(label = "Height of the car (in inches)", minimum = 50, maximum = 300)curbweight = gr.Slider(label = "Weight of the car (in pounds)", minimum = 500, maximum = 6000)enginetype = gr.Dropdown(label = "Engine type", choices = engtype)cylindernumber = gr.Radio(label = "Cylinder number", choices = [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12])enginesize = gr.Slider(label = "Engine size (swept volume of all the pistons inside the cylinders)", minimum = 50, maximum = 500)fuelsystem = gr.Dropdown(label = "Fuel system (link to ressource: ", choices = fuelsys)boreratio = gr.Slider(label = "Bore ratio (ratio between cylinder bore diameter and piston stroke)", minimum = 1, maximum = 6)horsepower = gr.Slider(label = "Horse power of the car", minimum = 25, maximum = 400)citympg = gr.Slider(label = "Mileage in city (in km)", minimum = 0, maximum = 100)highwaympg = gr.Slider(label = "Mileage on highway (in km)", minimum = 0, maximum = 100)Output = gr.Textbox()app = gr.Interface(title="Predict the price of a car based on its specs",                     fn=predict_price,                    inputs=[car,                            fueltype,                            aspiration,                            doornumber,                            carbody,                            drivewheel,                             enginelocation,                             wheelbase,                            carlength,                             carwidth,                             carheight,                             curbweight,                            enginetype,                             cylindernumber,                             enginesize,                            fuelsystem,                            boreratio,                            horsepower,                             citympg,                             highwaympg                            ],                    outputs=Output)app.launch()

最终的利用后果如下,能够本人勾选与填入特色进行模型预估!

参考资料

  • 实战数据集下载(百度网盘):公众号『ShowMeAI钻研核心』回复『实战』,或者点击 这里 获取本文 [[11] 构建AI模型并部署Web利用,预测二手车价格](https://www.showmeai.tech/art...) 『CarPrice 二手车价格预测数据集
  • ShowMeAI官网GitHub:https://github.com/ShowMeAI-Hub
  • 图解数据分析:从入门到精通系列教程 https://www.showmeai.tech/tutorials/33
  • 数据迷信工具库速查表 | Pandas 速查表 https://www.showmeai.tech/article-detail/101
  • 数据迷信工具库速查表 | Seaborn 速查表 https://www.showmeai.tech/article-detail/105
  • 机器学习实战 | 机器学习特色工程最全解读 https://www.showmeai.tech/article-detail/208
  • 机器学习实战 | SKLearn最全利用指南 https://www.showmeai.tech/article-detail/203