背景
- 最近在应用GO写业务,闲暇时看看三方库和规范库的一些工具的实现。
实践
- 底层数据都是按字节为单位存储。
- ASCII码取值区间0-127,二进制示意为0b00000000-0b01111111。
- UTF8编码方式:依据具体字符状况,应用1-4字节长度存储数据。
- 1字节:用ASCII能示意的字符,间接应用ASCII码示意,占用1字节。
- 多(2-4)字节:首字节数据的高3位-高5位,用于示意以后字符占用的字节数量,残余位存储具体数据。其余字节数据的最高2位必须是1和0,残余位存储具体数据。
UTF8数据存储举例
- "界"字在UTF8编码中占用3字节,示意形式为:
- 首字节:0b11100111(高4位的1110为数据长度示意,前三位的1示意占用3字节,第4位的0为分隔符,前面的0111为首字节存储的理论数据)
- 二字节:0b10010101(高2位的10为非首字符的固定示意形式,用于区别于ASCII码数据。前面的6位010101为存储的理论数据)
- 三字节:0b10001100(与二字节同理)
编码
// EncodeRune writes into p (which must be large enough) the UTF-8 encoding of the rune.// If the rune is out of range, it writes the encoding of RuneError.// It returns the number of bytes written.func EncodeRune(p []byte, r rune) int { // Negative values are erroneous. Making it unsigned addresses the problem. switch i := uint32(r); { // rune1Max的值为127,小于等于这个数的字符,能够间接应用1字节的ASCII码示意 case i <= rune1Max: p[0] = byte(r) return 1 // rune2Max的值为2047,小于等于这个数的字符,能够用2字节存储 case i <= rune2Max: _ = p[1] // eliminate bounds checks // t2的值为0b11000000,使得首字符的高2位必然为11 p[0] = t2 | byte(r>>6) p[1] = tx | byte(r)&maskx return 2 case i > MaxRune, surrogateMin <= i && i <= surrogateMax: r = RuneError fallthrough // rune3Max的值为65535,小于等于这个数的字符,能够用3字节存储 case i <= rune3Max: _ = p[2] // eliminate bounds checks // t3的值为0b11100000,使得首字符的高3位必然为111 p[0] = t3 | byte(r>>12) // t1的值为0b10000000 p[1] = tx | byte(r>>6)&maskx p[2] = tx | byte(r)&maskx return 3 // 其余的用4字节存储 default: _ = p[3] // eliminate bounds checks // t4的值为0b11110000,使得首字符的高4位必然为1111 p[0] = t4 | byte(r>>18) p[1] = tx | byte(r>>12)&maskx p[2] = tx | byte(r>>6)&maskx p[3] = tx | byte(r)&maskx return 4 }}
- 该办法依据字符数据的不同大小,决定应用多少字节的空间进行编码和存储。编码过程中,首字节数据的高位会依据不同字节长度,设置其高位1的个数。因为数据的区间大小及每字节最多存储6位理论数据的起因,在高位前面必然有一位位0,用于示意高位的完结和理论数据的开始。
解码
// DecodeRune unpacks the first UTF-8 encoding in p and returns the rune and// its width in bytes. If p is empty it returns (RuneError, 0). Otherwise, if// the encoding is invalid, it returns (RuneError, 1). Both are impossible// results for correct, non-empty UTF-8.//// An encoding is invalid if it is incorrect UTF-8, encodes a rune that is// out of range, or is not the shortest possible UTF-8 encoding for the// value. No other validation is performed.func DecodeRune(p []byte) (r rune, size int) { n := len(p) if n < 1 { return RuneError, 0 } // 取出首字节 p0 := p[0] // 依据首位的值,取出长度的示意数据 x := first[p0] if x >= as { // The following code simulates an additional check for x == xx and // handling the ASCII and invalid cases accordingly. This mask-and-or // approach prevents an additional branch. mask := rune(x) << 31 >> 31 // Create 0x0000 or 0xFFFF. return rune(p[0])&^mask | RuneError&mask, 1 } sz := int(x & 7) accept := acceptRanges[x>>4] if n < sz { return RuneError, 1 } b1 := p[1] if b1 < accept.lo || accept.hi < b1 { return RuneError, 1 } if sz <= 2 { // <= instead of == to help the compiler eliminate some bounds checks return rune(p0&mask2)<<6 | rune(b1&maskx), 2 } b2 := p[2] if b2 < locb || hicb < b2 { return RuneError, 1 } if sz <= 3 { return rune(p0&mask3)<<12 | rune(b1&maskx)<<6 | rune(b2&maskx), 3 } b3 := p[3] if b3 < locb || hicb < b3 { return RuneError, 1 } return rune(p0&mask4)<<18 | rune(b1&maskx)<<12 | rune(b2&maskx)<<6 | rune(b3&maskx), 4}