- Reference counting这项技术,容许多个等值对象共享同一实值。此技术的倒退有两种动机,第一是为了简化heap object周边的簿记工作。它能够打消“记录对象拥有权”的负荷,因为当对象使用了reference counting技术,它便领有它本人。一旦不再有任何人应用它,它便会主动销毁本人。reference counting的第二个倒退动机则只是为了实现一种常识。如果许多对象有雷同的值,将那个值存储屡次是件愚昧的事。最好是让所有等值对象共享一份实值就好。
以下是一个蕴含了Copy-On-Write技术的Reference counting基类,有趣味倡议去看看原书中的文章,作者一步步疏导写出这个类,写的很具体,这里因为篇幅起因就不赘述。
// RCObject.h// template class,用来产生smart pointers-to-T objects;T必须继承自RCObject template<class T>class RCPtr {public: RCPtr(T* realPtr = 0); RCPtr(const RCPtr& rhs); ~RCPtr(); RCPtr& operator=(const RCPtr& rhs); T* operator->() const; T& operator*() const;private: T *pointee; void init();};// base class,用于reference-counted objectsclass RCObject {public: void addReference(); void removeReference(); void markUnshareable(); bool isShareable() const; bool isShared() const;protected: RCObject(); RCObject(const RCObject& rhs); RCObject& operator=(const RCObject& rhs); virtual ~RCObject() = 0; private: int refCount; bool shareable;};// RCObject.cppRCObject::RCObject() : refCount(0), shareable(true) {}RCObject::RCObject(const RCObject& rhs) : refCount(0), shareable(true) {}RCObject& RCObject::operator=(const RCObject& rhs) { return *this;}RCObject::~RCObject () {}void RCObject::addReference() { ++refCount;}void RCObject::removeReference() { if (--refCount == 0) { delete this; }}void RCObject::markUnshareable() { shareable = false;}bool RCObject::isShareable() const { return shareable;}bool RCObject::isShared() const { return refCount > 1;}template<class T>void RCPtr<T>::init () { if (pointee == 0) return; if (pointee->isShareable() == false) { pointee = new T(*pointee); } pointee->addReference();}template<class T>RCPtr<T>::RCPtr(T* realPtr) : pointee(realPtr) { init();}template<class T>RCPtr<T>::RCPtr(const RCPtr& rhs) : pointee(rhs.pointee) { init();}template<class T>RCPtr<T>::~RCPtr() { if (pointee) { pointee->removeReference(); }}template<class T>RCPtr<T>& RCPtr<T>::operator=(const RCPtr& rhs){ if (pointee != rhs.pointee) { if (pointee) { pointee->removeReference(); } pointee = rhs.pointee; init(); } return *this;}template<class T>T* RCPtr<T>::operator->() const { return pointee;}template<class T>T& RCPtr<T>::operator*() const { return *pointee;}
而后,定义一个简略的String类,在String中蕴含示意其实值的struct StringValue,其中StringValue继承自下面的RCObject,使其领有援用计数的能力。String代码如下所示。
// String.h// 应用性class,这是应用程序开发人员接触的层面#include <string.h>#include "RCObject.h"class String {public: String(const char *initValue = ""); const char& operator[] (int index) const; char& operator[] (int index);private: // 以下struct用以体现字符串实值 struct StringValue : public RCObject { char *data; StringValue(const char *initValue); StringValue(const StringValue& rhs); void init(const char *initValue); ~StringValue(); }; RCPtr<StringValue> value;};// String.cppvoid String::StringValue::init(const char *initValue) { data = new char[strlen(initValue) + 1]; strcpy(data, initValue);}String::StringValue::StringValue(const char *initValue) { init(initValue);}String::StringValue::StringValue(const StringValue& rhs) { init(rhs.data);}String::StringValue::~StringValue() { delete [] data;}String::String(const char *initValue) : value(new StringValue(initValue)) {}const char& String::operator[](int index) const { return value->data[index];}char& String::operator[](int index) { if (value->isShared()) { value = new StringValue(value->data); } value->markUnshareable(); return value->data[index];}
再来写个main,简略验证下。
#include <String.h>#include <iostream>int main(){ String s1 = "hello"; String s2 = s1; std::cout << "s1[3] = " << s1[3] << std::endl; std::cout << "s2[3] = " << s2[3] << std::endl; s2[3] = 'x'; std::cout << "s1[3] = " << s1[3] << std::endl; std::cout << "s2[3] = " << s2[3] << std::endl;}
// 输入s1[3] = ls2[3] = ls1[3] = ls2[3] = x
- Reference counting是个优化技术,其应用前提是:对象经常共享实值。如果这个假如失败,reference counting反而会赔上更多内存,执行更多代码。从另一个角度看,如果你的对象的确有“独特实值”的偏向,reference counting应可同时节俭你的工夫和空间。
简略说,以下是应用reference counting改善效率的最适当机会:
- 绝对少数的对象共享绝对大量的实值(必要)。
- 对象实值的产生或销毁老本很高,或是它们应用许多内存(非必要)。