C++ 规范库提供了如下线程同步机制:
- 互斥量(反对超时加锁、递归加锁)
- 读写锁(共享互斥量,也反对超时加锁)
- 互斥量包装器(基于 RAII 的思维)
- 条件变量
- 信号量(二元信号量、计数信号量)
- 栅栏(反对重用)
- 调用一次
1. 互斥量
#include <mutex>
mutex:提供根底的互斥性能。
std::mutex mtx;mtx.lock(); // locks the mutex, blocks if the mutex is not availablebool ok = mtx.try_lock(); // tries to lock the mutex, returns if the mutex is not available mtx.unlock(); // unlocks the mutex
timed_mutex:在 mutex 的根底上减少了超时加锁的性能。
#include <chrono>using namespace std::chrono_literals;std::timed_mutex mtx;// 以绝对工夫的模式指定超时工夫if (mtx.try_lock_for(100ms)){ // 已加锁}// 以相对工夫的模式指定超时工夫auto now = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();if (mtx.try_lock_until(now + 10s)){ // 已加锁}
recursive_mutex:在 mutex 的根底上减少了递归加锁的性能(此时,
lock()
函数能够被同一线程在不开释锁的状况下屡次调用)。std::recursive_mutex mtx;void fun1() { mtx.lock(); // ... mtx.unlock();}void fun2() { mtx.lock(); // ... fun1(); // recursive lock becomes useful here mtx.unlock();};
- recursive_timed_mutex:在 timed_mutex 的根底上减少了递归加锁的性能。
2. 读写锁
#include <shared_mutex>
shared_mutex
std::shared_mutex mtx;// 写者(互斥)mtx.lock();bool ok = mtx.try_lock();mtx.unlock();// 读者(共享)mtx.lock_shared();bool ok = mtx.try_lock_shared();mtx.unlock_shared();
shared_timed_mutex:在 shared_mutex 的根底上减少了超时加锁的性能。
#include <chrono>using namespace std::chrono_literals;std::shared_timed_mutex mtx;/*********************************** 写者 ***********************************/// 以绝对工夫的模式指定超时工夫if (mtx.try_lock_for(100ms)){ // 已加锁}// 以相对工夫的模式指定超时工夫auto now = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();if (mtx.try_lock_until(now + 10s)){ // 已加锁}/*********************************** 读者 ***********************************/// 以绝对工夫的模式指定超时工夫if (mtx.try_lock_shared_for(100ms)){ // 已加锁}// 以相对工夫的模式指定超时工夫auto now = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();if (mtx.try_lock_shared_until(now + 10s)){ // 已加锁}
3. 互斥量包装器
lock_guard:应用了 RAII 的机制,结构时加锁,析构时解锁。
#include <mutex>std::mutex mtx;void f(){ const std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mtx); // ... // mtx is automatically released when lock goes out of scope}
scoped_lock:相似于 lock_guard,但能够治理多个互斥量(能够避免死锁)。
#include <mutex>std::mutex mtx1, mtx2;void f(){ const std::scoped_lock<std::mutex, std::mutex> lock(mtx1, mtx2); // ... // mtx is automatically released when lock goes out of scope}
unique_lock:相似于 lock_guard,但反对提早加锁、超时加锁、递归加锁。
#include <mutex>#include <chrono>using namespace std::chrono_literals;std::timed_mutex mtx;// 结构时加锁std::unique_lock<std::timed_mutex> lock(mtx);// 提早加锁:先不加锁std::unique_lock<std::timed_mutex> lock(mtx, std::defer_lock);lock.lock();bool ok = lock.try_lock();lock.unlock();bool ok = lock.try_lock_for(100ms);auto now = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();bool ok = mtx.try_lock_until(now + 10s);
shared_lock:用于治理读写锁中的读者模式(写者模式应用 unique_lock 即可),反对提早加锁、超时加锁。
#include <mutex>#include <chrono>using namespace std::chrono_literals;std::shared_mutex mtx;// 结构时加锁std::shared_lock<std::shared_mutexx> lock(mtx);// 提早加锁:先不加锁std::shared_lock<std::shared_mutex> lock(mtx, std::defer_lock);lock.lock();bool ok = lock.try_lock();lock.unlock();bool ok = lock.try_lock_for(100ms);auto now = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();bool ok = mtx.try_lock_until(now + 10s);
4. 条件变量
#include <condition_variable>
condition_variable:期待时只能应用
std::unique_lock<std::mutex>
。std::mutex mtx;std::condition_variable cv;bool ready = false;void worker_thread(){ /* 期待,直到 ready 为 true,等价于 while (!ready) { cv.wait(lock); } */ std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mtx); cv.wait(lock, []{return ready;}); // after the wait, we own the lock. // ... // 在唤醒之前解锁,免得被唤醒的线程仍阻塞于互斥量 lock.unlock(); cv.notify_one();}
#include <chrono>using namespace std::chrono_literals;std::mutex mtx;std::condition_variable cv;int i;std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mtx);// 超时期待:绝对工夫if(cv.wait_for(lock, 100ms, []{return i == 1;})){ // 条件满足 ...}// 超时期待:相对工夫auto now = std::chrono::system_clock::now();if(cv.wait_until(lock, now + 100ms, [](){return i == 1;})){ // 条件满足 ...}// 唤醒所有期待线程cv.notify_all();
- condition_variable_any:与 condition_variable 相似,但能够联合其余锁应用。
5. 信号量
#include <semaphore>
binary_semaphore:二元信号量,其实就是计数信号量模板的特化(计数为 1)。
std::binary_semaphore sem;sem.acquire(); // decrements the internal counter or blocks until it cansem.release(); // increments the internal counter and unblocks acquirersbook ok = sem.try_acquire(); // tries to decrement the internal counter without blocking// 超时 acquire:绝对工夫bool ok = sem.try_acquire_for(100ms);// 超时 acquire:相对工夫auto now = std::chrono::system_clock::now();bool ok = sem.try_acquire_until(now + 100ms);
注:
ok
为 true 示意 acquire 胜利。counting_semaphore:计数信号量,反对的操作同上。
std::counting_semaphore sem(4);
6. 栅栏
latch:其外部保护着一个计数器,当计数不为 0 时,所有参与者(线程)都将阻塞在期待操作处,计数为 0 时,解除阻塞。计数器不可重置或减少,故它是一次性的,不可重用。
#include <latch>std::latch work_done(4);work_done.count_down(); // decrements the counter in a non-blocking mannerwork_done.wait(); // blocks until the counter reaches zerobool ok = work_done.try_wait(); // tests if the internal counter equals zerowork_done.arrive_and_wait(); // decrements the counter and blocks until it reaches zero
barrier:相似于 latch,它会阻塞线程直到所有参与者线程都达到一个同步点,但它是可重用的。
一个 barrier 的生命周期蕴含多个阶段,每个阶段都定义了一个同步点。一个 barrier 阶段蕴含:- 冀望计数(设创立时指定的计数为 n),当冀望计数不为 0 时,参与者将阻塞于期待操作处;
- 当冀望计数为 0 时,会执行创立 barrier 时指定的阶段实现步骤,而后解除阻塞所有阻塞于同步点的参与者线程。
- 当阶段实现步骤执行实现后,会重置冀望计数为
n - 调用arrive_and_drop()的次数
,而后开始下一个阶段。
#include <barrier>auto on_completion = []() noexcept { // locking not needed here // ...};std::barrier sync_point(4, on_completion);sync_point.arrive(); // arrives at barrier and decrements the expected count sync_point.wait(); // blocks at the phase synchronization point until its phase completion step is runsync_point.arrive_and_wait(); // arrives at barrier and decrements the expected count by one, then blocks until current phase completessync_point.arrive_and_drop(); // decrements both the initial expected count for subsequent phases and the expected count for current phase by one
7. 调用一次
确保某个操作只被执行一次(胜利执行才算),即便是多线程环境下也确保只执行一次。
#include <iostream>#include <thread>#include <mutex>std::once_flag flag;void may_throw_function(bool do_throw){ if (do_throw) { std::cout << "throw: call_once will retry\n"; // this may appear more than once throw std::exception(); } std::cout << "Didn't throw, call_once will not attempt again\n"; // guaranteed once}void do_once(bool do_throw){ try { std::call_once(flag, may_throw_function, do_throw); } catch (...) {}}int main(){ std::thread t1(do_once, true); std::thread t2(do_once, true); std::thread t3(do_once, false); std::thread t4(do_once, true); t1.join(); t2.join(); t3.join(); t4.join();}
throw: call_once will retrythrow: call_once will retryDidn't throw, call_once will not attempt again