git init初始化git initgit clone克隆git clone [远端仓库] [目标文件夹名称（默认：远端仓库名）]git log查看历史提交：按时间先后顺序显示到[校验和]为止git log [校验和（默认：最新提交的校验和）]选项：–oneline：精简至单行版本–stat：增加文件修改信息-p：忽略空格引起的不同-w：忽略空格引起的不同–all –graph：用分支图显示所有历史提交–author="[作者]"：显示作者包含[文本]的历史提交–grep="[文本]"：显示内容包含[文本]的历史提交希望选项–all –graph成为命令git log的默认参数？在文件.bashrc中加入：git() { if [ “$1” = “log” ] then command git log –all –graph “${@:2}”; else command git “$@”; fi;}Enabling git log parameters by defaultgit shortlog查看历史提交：按作者分类显示git shortloggit show查看[校验和]提交的所有信息git show [校验和（默认：最新提交的校验和）]查看附注标签（Annotated Tag）的内容git tag [标签名]选项同git log。git status查看当前状态git statusgit diff查看尚未加入暂存区的改动git diffgit add将文件从工作区添加到暂存区git add [文件名1 文件名2 文件名3 …]将所有文件（文件.gitignore指示的除外）从工作区添加到暂存区git add .git rm将文件从暂存区移回到工作区git rm –cached [文件名1 文件名2 文件名3 …]git commit将暂存区提交到本地仓库会进入一个 vim 窗口，在此输入提交信息。所有以#开头的行都会被忽略。对于空行的问题无需纠结，因为 git 会忽略所有不必要的空行。git commit键入提交信息并提交git commit -m [提交信息]更新最近的提交（内容和信息）git commit –amend如修改了提交内容，建议先执行：git add .提交信息的书写规范（Udacity）Udacity Git Commit Message Style GuideThe goal is that each commit has a single focus. Each commit should record a single-unit change. Now this can be a bit subjective (which is totally fine), but each commit should make a change to just one aspect of the project.Conversely, a commit shouldn’t include unrelated changes - changes to the sidebar and rewording content in the footer. These two aren’t related to each other and shouldn’t be included in the same commit. Work on one change first, commit that, and then change the second one. That way, if it turns out that one change had a bug and you have to undo it, you don’t have to undo the other change too.The best way that I’ve found to think about what should be in a commit is to think, “What if all changes introduced in this commit were erased?”. If a commit were erased, it should only remove one thing.DO:do keep the message short (less than 60-ish characters)do explain what the commit does (not how or why!)DO NOT:do not explain why the changes are made (more on this below)do not explain how the changes are made (that’s what git log -p is for!)do not use the word “and"if you have to use “and”, your commit message is probably doing too many changes - break the changes into separate commitse.g. “make the background color pink and increase the size of the sidebar"git tag查看所有标签git tag添加轻便标签（Lightweight Tag）git tag [标签名] [校验和（默认：最新提交的校验和）]添加附注标签（Annotated Tag）会进入一个 vim 窗口，在此输入标签内容。所有以#开头的行都会被忽略。对于空行的问题无需纠结，因为 git 会忽略所有不必要的空行。git tag -a [标签名] [校验和（默认：最新提交的校验和）]键入附注标签的内容并提交git tag -a [标签名] [校验和（默认：最新提交的校验和）] -m [附注标签的内容]删除本地标签git tag -d [标签名1 标签名2 标签名3 …]删除指定远端标签git push [远端名] -d refs/tags/[标签名]git push [远端名] :refs/tags/[标签名]推送所有本地标签到远端git push [远端名] –tag从远端拉取所有标签到本地git fetch [远端名] –tag（在远端唯一的情况下，[远端名]可以省略。）git checkout切换git branch [校验和 / 标签名 / 分支名]恢复工作区中的某个文件到上次提交的状态git checkout – [文件名]恢复工作区中的全部文件到上次提交的状态git checkout – .git branch查看所有本地分支git branch查看所有远端分支git branch -r新建分支git branch [分支名] [校验和（默认：最新提交的校验和）]删除分支git branch -d [分支名1 分支名2 分支名3 …]删除分支的前提条件是：该分支不是当前分支。该分支上的最新提交已经合并到另一分支上（如需忽略本条件，请使用-D选项。警告：尚未合并的所有提交将会全部丢失！）。git merge将[分支名]合并到当前分支git merge [分支名]合并操作操作会因为冲突（conflict）而中止，条件是：参与合并的两个分支上，各存在一个提交，它们修改了同一个行范围。如需撤销合并操作，请使用命令git merge –abort。冲突的处理方法（Udacity）Merge Conflict Output ExplainedThe output that shows in the Terminal is:$ git merge heading-updateAuto-merging index.htmlCONFLICT (content): Merge conflict in index.htmlAutomatic merge failed; fix conflicts and then commit the result.Notice that right after the git merge heading-update command, it tries merging the file that was changed on both branches (index.html), but that there was a conflict. Also, notice that it tells you what happened - “Automatic merge failed; fix conflicts and then commit the result”.Remember our good friend git status? Well he’ll come in really handy when working with merge conflicts.$ git statusOn branch masterYou have unmerged paths. (fix conflicts and run “git commit”) (use “git merge –abort” to abort the merge)Unmerged paths: (use “git add <file> …” to mark resolution) both modified: index.htmlThe git status output tells us to that the merge conflict is inside index.html. So check out that file in your code editor!Merge Conflict Indicators Explanation<<<<<<< HEAD everything below this line (until the next indicator) shows you what’s on the current branch||||||| merged common ancestors everything below this line (until the next indicator) shows you what the original lines were> > > > > > > heading-update is the ending indicator of what’s on the branch that’s being merged in (in this case, the heading-update branch)Resolving A Merge ConflictGit is using the merge conflict indicators to show you what lines caused the merge conflict on the two different branches as well as what the original line used to have. So to resolve a merge conflict, you need to:choose which line(s) to keepremove all lines with indicatorsFor some reason, I’m not happy with the word “Crusade” right now, but “Quest” isn’t all that exciting either. How about “Adventurous Quest” as a heading?!?Commit Merge ConflictOnce you’ve removed all lines with merge conflict indicators and have selected what heading you want to use, just save the file, add it to the staging index, and commit it! Just like with a regular merge, this will pop open your code editor for you to supply a commit message. Just like before, it’s common to use the provided merge commit message, so after the editor opens, just close it to use the provided commit message.And that’s it! Merge conflicts really aren’t all that challenging once you understand what the merge conflict indicators are showing you.If a merge conflict occurs in a file and you edit the file, save it, stage it, and commit it but forget to remove the merge conflict indicators, Git will commit the lines with the merge conflict indicators, because they’re just regular characters.git revertgit revert [校验和]设[校验和]提交的前一个提交为PREVIOUS，修改的行范围是range。该命令的作用是回滚range范围内的修改，将会产生一个新的提交。回滚操作操作会因为冲突而中止，条件是：如果range范围内的某一部分在[校验和]提交的某个后续提交中被修改。如需撤销回归操作，请使用命令git revert –abort。冲突的处理方法与git merge相同。git resetgit reset [校验和]该命令的作用是回到[校验和]提交的状态，即撤销[校验和]提交的后续提交的所有修改modification。选项：–mixed：将modification移入工作区（默认）–soft：将modification移入暂存区–hard：忽略（删除）modification执行git reset之后，[校验和]提交的后续提交未被删除。可以通过下列命令查看这些不属于任何分支的提交：git reloggit fsck –unreachable –no-reflog（具体使用方法详见后文。）可以通过切换到提交、新建分支、合并到现有分支的方法恢复这些提交（即回滚git reset操作）。相对引用（Udacity）Relative Commit ReferencesYou already know that you can reference commits by their SHA, by tags, branches, and the special HEAD pointer. Sometimes that’s not enough, though. There will be times when you’ll want to reference a commit relative to another commit. For example, there will be times where you’ll want to tell Git about the commit that’s one before the current commit…or two before the current commit. There are special characters called “Ancestry References” that we can use to tell Git about these relative references. Those characters are:^ – indicates the parent commit~ – indicates the first parent commitHere’s how we can refer to previous commits:the parent commit – the following indicate the parent commit of the current commitHEAD^HEADHEAD1the grandparent commit – the following indicate the grandparent commit of the current commitHEAD^^HEAD2the great-grandparent commit – the following indicate the great-grandparent commit of the current commitHEAD^^^HEAD3The main difference between the ^ and the ~ is when a commit is created from a merge. A merge commit has two parents. With a merge commit, the ^ reference is used to indicate the first parent of the commit while ^2 indicates the second parent.The first parent is the branch you were on when you ran git mergeThe second parent is the branch that was merged in.git remote查看所有远端仓库的 URLgit remote -v关联到远端仓库：[远端仓库的别名]通常被设为origingit remote add [远端仓库的别名] [远端仓库的URL]取消与远端仓库的关联git remote remove [远端仓库的别名]git push这里仅讨论同时满足下列条件的情形：本地分支和远程分支同名。单一远端，通常是 origin。将本地分支推送到远端（完整命令）git push [远端名] [本地分支] [远端分支]省略[远端分支]的情形：将[本地分支]推送到“与之存在追踪关系的”远程分支（通常两者同名），如果该远程分支不存在，则会被新建。git push [远端名] [本地分支]可以为该命令添加-u参数，表示将远端分支设为[本地分支]的 upstream branch。git push -u [远端名] [本地分支]执行上述命令后，就可以在切换到相应分支git checkout [本地分支]之后，直接使用命令git push了。git push选项–all表示推送所有分支到远端，通常添加选项-u以设定所有本地分支的 upstream branch。git push -u –all删除远端分支git push [远端名] -d [远端分支]git push [远端名] :[远端分支]如果出现各种原因导致命令git push不能成功执行（例如：删除并重建本地分支、合并本地的commit），可以使用选项-f进行强行（覆盖）推送。请注意：不要在多人合作的远端分支中慎用，原因参见：团队开发里频繁使用 git rebase 来保持树的整洁好吗?git 如何撤销一次remote的master commit?git push -fgit pull这里仅讨论同时满足下列条件的情形：本地分支和远程分支同名。单一远端，通常是 origin。该命令的用途是：取回远程主机某个分支的更新，再与本地的指定分支合并。因为远端分支 origin/master 通常是本地分支 master 的更新，所以合并操作只是移动 master 引用的位置，通常难以察觉。将远端分支拉取到本地（完整命令，多用于创建和远端分支对应的本地分支）。git pull [远端名] [远端分支]:[本地分支]在满足下列条件的前提下，可以直接使用命令git pull：已使用git checkout将该对应的本地分支切换为当前分支。该分支的 upstream branch 已设置。具体方法为git branch –set-upstream-to=origin/[远端分支] [本地分支]git pullgit fetch这里仅讨论同时满足下列条件的情形：本地分支和远程分支同名。单一远端，通常是 origin。该命令的用途是：取回远程主机某个分支的更新，但是不与本地分支合并。git fetch [远端名] [远端分支]:[本地分支]在满足下列条件的前提下，可以直接使用命令git pull：已使用git checkout将该对应的本地分支切换为当前分支。该分支的 upstream branch 已设置。具体方法为git branch –set-upstream-to=origin/[远端分支] [本地分支]git fetch区别于命令git pull：命令git fetch让用户决定怎样合并远端分支和本地分支。命令git pull自动进行分支合并，在某些情况下可能无法成功执行。problem本地分支和远端分支被同时更新。更新前： master |remote a – 3 – d – f – e – 7============================================================ origin/master |local a – 3 – d – f – e – 7 | master更新后： master |remote a – 3 – d – f – e – 7 – 8============================================================ origin/master |local a – 3 – d – f – e – 7 – b | masterSolution首先先使用命令git fetch，获取远端分支更新。 master |remote a – 3 – d – f – e – 7 – 8============================================================ origin/master | 8 /local a – 3 – d – f – e – 7 – b | master再使用命令git merge origin/master，将远端分支合并到本地分支。 master |remote a – 3 – d – f – e – 7 – 8============================================================ origin/master | 8 / \local a – 3 – d – f – e – 7 – b – 4 | master最后使用命令git push，推送本地分支到远端分支。 master | 8 | / \ |remote a – 3 – d – f – e – 7 – 8 – 4============================================================ origin/master | 8 | / \ |local a – 3 – d – f – e – 7 – b – 4 | master其他https://www.worldhello.net/go…查看（90天内的）操作历史git reflog查看不可达的（unreachable）对象，包括但不限于：暂存区操作时引入的临时对象（以unreachable blob开头）不在分支上的提交（以unreachable commit开头）git fsck –unreachable –no-reflog清除不可达的对象（通常为：暂存区操作时引入的临时对象）如果对象git reflog命令中可见，那么git prune就不能清除它。若一定要清除，则需先使用git reflog expire –expire=now –all清除所有历史（不推荐）。git prune优化仓库git gc