nextTick在项目中的实践

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前言

在项目中经常需要在视图层立即显示数据，而有时候由于异步数据传递的原因，在页面上并不会立即显示页面，这时候就需要使用 Vue 提供的 nextTick 这个方法，其主要原因是 Vue 的数据视图是异步更新的，用官方的解释就是：

Vue 实现响应式并不是数据发生变化之后 DOM 立即变化，而是按一定的策略进行 DOM 的更新。

其中说到的事件循环也是前端面试中常问到的一个点，本文不做具体展开，有兴趣的同学可参考这篇文章 一次弄懂 Event Loop（彻底解决此类面试问题）

踩坑目录

  • 模板案例数据在视图上显示
  • 兄弟组件间异步数据传递
  • $nextTick 源码实现解析

踩坑案例

模板案例数据在视图上显示

[bug 描述] 页面上点击重置后将模板视图渲染会一个固定数据下的视图

[bug 分析] 点击后需要立即显示在页面上，这是典型的 nextTick 需要应用的场景

[解决方案]

此处还有一个坑就是对于数组类型的监听是基于一个地址的，因而如果需要 Vue 的 Watcher 能够监视到就需要符合数组监听的那几种方法，这里直接新建，相当于每次的地址都会发生变化，因而可以监听到 

    async resetTemplate() {this.template = [];
      await this.$nextTick(function() {
          this.template = [
          {
            week: '1',
            starttime: '00:00:00',
            endtime: '00:00:00'
          },
          {
            week: '2',
            starttime: '00:00:00',
            endtime: '00:00:00'
          },
          {
            week: '3',
            starttime: '00:00:00',
            endtime: '00:00:00'
          },
          {
            week: '4',
            starttime: '00:00:00',
            endtime: '00:00:00'
          },
          {
            week: '5',
            starttime: '00:00:00',
            endtime: '00:00:00'
          },
          {
            week: '6',
            starttime: '00:00:00',
            endtime: '00:00:00'
          },
          {
            week: '7',
            starttime: '00:00:00',
            endtime: '00:00:00'
          }
        ];
      });
    }

兄弟组件间异步数据传递

[bug 描述] 页面修改弹窗中的输入框字段需要复写进对应字段，利用 Props 传递数据进去后并不会直接修改数据

[bug 分析] 此场景下数据是通过子组件 emit 给父组件，父组件获取数据后通过 props 传递给弹窗，在 v -model 中获取数据是异步的

[解决方案]

这是比较不常见的一种使用 $nextTick 去处理 v -model 异步数据传递的方法 (ps: 关于 emit/on 的发布订阅相关的介绍，有兴趣的同学可以看一下这篇文章 [vue 发布订阅者模式 $emit、$on](https://blog.csdn.net/qq_4277…，利用的是父组件的数据延迟到下一个 tick 去给子组件传递，子组件在对应页面上及时渲染的方法，除了这种方法还有其他方法，具体可参考这篇文章 详解 vue 父组件传递 props 异步数据到子组件的问题 

    edit(data) {
      this.isManu = true;
      let [content,pos] = data;
      this.manuPos = pos;
      this.form = content;
      this.$nextTick(function(){
        this.$refs.deviceEdit.form.deviceid = content.deviceId;
        this.$refs.deviceEdit.form.devicename = content.deviceName;
        this.$refs.deviceEdit.form.devicebrand = content.deviceBrand;
        this.$refs.deviceEdit.form.devicegroup = content.deviceGroup;
        this.$refs.deviceEdit.form.mediatrans = content.mediaTrans;
        this.$refs.deviceEdit.form.cloudstorage = content.cloudStorage;
        this.$refs.deviceEdit.form.longitude = content.longitude;
        this.$refs.deviceEdit.form.latitude = content.latitude;
        this.$refs.deviceEdit.form.altitude = content.altitude;
      })
    },

$nextTick 源码实现解析

2.5 之前的版本：

/**
 * Defer a task to execute it asynchronously.
 */
export const nextTick = (function () {const callbacks = []
  let pending = false
  let timerFunc

  function nextTickHandler () {
    pending = false
    const copies = callbacks.slice(0)
    callbacks.length = 0
    for (let i = 0; i < copies.length; i++) {copies[i]()}
  }

  // the nextTick behavior leverages the microtask queue, which can be accessed
  // via either native Promise.then or MutationObserver.
  // MutationObserver has wider support, however it is seriously bugged in
  // UIWebView in iOS >= 9.3.3 when triggered in touch event handlers. It
  // completely stops working after triggering a few times... so, if native
  // Promise is available, we will use it:
  /* istanbul ignore if */
  if (typeof Promise !== 'undefined' && isNative(Promise)) {var p = Promise.resolve()
    var logError = err => {console.error(err) }
    timerFunc = () => {p.then(nextTickHandler).catch(logError)
      // in problematic UIWebViews, Promise.then doesn't completely break, but
      // it can get stuck in a weird state where callbacks are pushed into the
      // microtask queue but the queue isn't being flushed, until the browser
      // needs to do some other work, e.g. handle a timer. Therefore we can
      // "force" the microtask queue to be flushed by adding an empty timer.
      if (isIOS) setTimeout(noop)
    }
  } else if (!isIE && typeof MutationObserver !== 'undefined' && (isNative(MutationObserver) ||
    // PhantomJS and iOS 7.x
    MutationObserver.toString() === '[object MutationObserverConstructor]'
  )) {
    // use MutationObserver where native Promise is not available,
    // e.g. PhantomJS, iOS7, Android 4.4
    var counter = 1
    var observer = new MutationObserver(nextTickHandler)
    var textNode = document.createTextNode(String(counter))
    observer.observe(textNode, {characterData: true})
    timerFunc = () => {counter = (counter + 1) % 2
      textNode.data = String(counter)
    }
  } else {
    // fallback to setTimeout
    /* istanbul ignore next */
    timerFunc = () => {setTimeout(nextTickHandler, 0)
    }
  }

  return function queueNextTick (cb?: Function, ctx?: Object) {
    let _resolve
    callbacks.push(() => {if (cb) {
        try {cb.call(ctx)
        } catch (e) {handleError(e, ctx, 'nextTick')
        }
      } else if (_resolve) {_resolve(ctx)
      }
    })
    if (!pending) {
      pending = true
      timerFunc()}
    if (!cb && typeof Promise !== 'undefined') {return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {_resolve = resolve})
    }
  }
})()

2.5 之后的版本 

/* @flow */
/* globals MutationObserver */

import {noop} from 'shared/util'
import {handleError} from './error'
import {isIE, isIOS, isNative} from './env'

export let isUsingMicroTask = false

const callbacks = []
let pending = false

function flushCallbacks () {
  pending = false
  const copies = callbacks.slice(0)
  callbacks.length = 0
  for (let i = 0; i < copies.length; i++) {copies[i]()}
}

// Here we have async deferring wrappers using microtasks.
// In 2.5 we used (macro) tasks (in combination with microtasks).
// However, it has subtle problems when state is changed right before repaint
// (e.g. #6813, out-in transitions).
// Also, using (macro) tasks in event handler would cause some weird behaviors
// that cannot be circumvented (e.g. #7109, #7153, #7546, #7834, #8109).
// So we now use microtasks everywhere, again.
// A major drawback of this tradeoff is that there are some scenarios
// where microtasks have too high a priority and fire in between supposedly
// sequential events (e.g. #4521, #6690, which have workarounds)
// or even between bubbling of the same event (#6566).
let timerFunc

// The nextTick behavior leverages the microtask queue, which can be accessed
// via either native Promise.then or MutationObserver.
// MutationObserver has wider support, however it is seriously bugged in
// UIWebView in iOS >= 9.3.3 when triggered in touch event handlers. It
// completely stops working after triggering a few times... so, if native
// Promise is available, we will use it:
/* istanbul ignore next, $flow-disable-line */
if (typeof Promise !== 'undefined' && isNative(Promise)) {const p = Promise.resolve()
  timerFunc = () => {p.then(flushCallbacks)
    // In problematic UIWebViews, Promise.then doesn't completely break, but
    // it can get stuck in a weird state where callbacks are pushed into the
    // microtask queue but the queue isn't being flushed, until the browser
    // needs to do some other work, e.g. handle a timer. Therefore we can
    // "force" the microtask queue to be flushed by adding an empty timer.
    if (isIOS) setTimeout(noop)
  }
  isUsingMicroTask = true
} else if (!isIE && typeof MutationObserver !== 'undefined' && (isNative(MutationObserver) ||
  // PhantomJS and iOS 7.x
  MutationObserver.toString() === '[object MutationObserverConstructor]'
)) {
  // Use MutationObserver where native Promise is not available,
  // e.g. PhantomJS, iOS7, Android 4.4
  // (#6466 MutationObserver is unreliable in IE11)
  let counter = 1
  const observer = new MutationObserver(flushCallbacks)
  const textNode = document.createTextNode(String(counter))
  observer.observe(textNode, {characterData: true})
  timerFunc = () => {counter = (counter + 1) % 2
    textNode.data = String(counter)
  }
  isUsingMicroTask = true
} else if (typeof setImmediate !== 'undefined' && isNative(setImmediate)) {
  // Fallback to setImmediate.
  // Technically it leverages the (macro) task queue,
  // but it is still a better choice than setTimeout.
  timerFunc = () => {setImmediate(flushCallbacks)
  }
} else {
  // Fallback to setTimeout.
  timerFunc = () => {setTimeout(flushCallbacks, 0)
  }
}

export function nextTick (cb?: Function, ctx?: Object) {
  let _resolve
  callbacks.push(() => {if (cb) {
      try {cb.call(ctx)
      } catch (e) {handleError(e, ctx, 'nextTick')
      }
    } else if (_resolve) {_resolve(ctx)
    }
  })
  if (!pending) {
    pending = true
    timerFunc()}
  // $flow-disable-line
  if (!cb && typeof Promise !== 'undefined') {
    return new Promise(resolve => {_resolve = resolve})
  }
}

不同版本主要在于 timeFunc 的异步函数使用优先顺序不同，2.5 之后也有些许不同，但主要在于要不要暴露微任务函数和宏任务函数的问题 (ps: 上边的 2.5 之后的版本是 2.6.11)

2.5 之前版本：Promise => MutationObserver => setTimeout

2.5 之后版本：setImmediate => MessageChannel => Promise => setTimeout

总结

js 的异步执行机制是前端同学必须掌握的知识，其中 nextTick 就是其中一个很典型的代表，node 中也有 nextTick 相关的方法，面试中也常常问到相关方法的实现，深刻理解 js 的基础方法和特性，对前端开发中避坑还是很有用处的，每每出现问题几乎在所有的面试题中都有相关知识的展现，打好基础永远是一个工程师上升的坚实的基础！

let callbacks = []
let pending = false

function nextTick (cb) {callbacks.push(cb)

    if (!pending) {
        pending = true
        setTimeout(flushCallback, 0)
    }
}

function flushCallback () {
    pending = false
    let copies = callbacks.slice()
    callbacks.length = 0
    copies.forEach(copy => {copy()
    })
}

参考

  • Vue.nextTick 的原理和用途
  • 简单理解 Vue 中的 nextTick
  • nextTick 源码解析
  • Vue nextTick 机制
  • Vue 源码解析之 nextTick
  • 浅析 Node 的 nextTick
  • Nodejs 的 nextTick 和 setTimeout
  • Vue.js 中 this.$nextTick() 的使用
  • vue 发布订阅者模式 $emit、$on
  • 详解 vue 父组件传递 props 异步数据到子组件的问题
  • 一次弄懂 Event Loop（彻底解决此类面试问题）
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发表至： 前端
2020-06-25
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