Hello, 各位怯懦的小伙伴, 大家好, 我是你们的嘴强王者小五, 身体健康, 脑子没病.
自己有丰盛的脱发技巧, 能让你一跃成为资深大咖.
一看就会一写就废是自己的宗旨, 菜到抠脚是自己的特点, 低微中透着一丝丝坚强, 傻人有傻福是对我最大的刺激.
欢送来到
小五
的算法系列
之链表
.
前言
此系列文章以《算法图解》和《学习 JavaScript 算法》两书为外围,其余材料为辅助,并佐以笔者愚见所成。力求以简略、趣味的语言带大家领略这算法世界的微妙。
本文内容为链表。笔者将率领大家从 js 模仿其实现登程,逐渐变动以摸索链表的其它模式,最初附上几道习题加深了解及坚固所学。
链表在 JavaScript 中有一重要利用 — 原型链,文章传送门 👉 大话原型链。
链表简介
笔者从“什么是链表”及“链表用来干什么”来给大家文言文言
🦥 什么是链表
链表就像寻宝游戏,宝物藏在小岛各处。游戏开始时会失去一条线索,通过手中线索去寻找下一个宝物的地点,顺次类推。
由此咱们总结下链表的特点:
- 宝物扩散在小岛各处 – 链表中的元素在内存中的存储地位并不间断
- 通过线索确定下一个地点 – 每个节点由存储元素自身及指向下一元素的指针组成,无奈越过某一节点达到下一节点
🦥 用来干什么
用来存储数据,此时你小小的脑袋上是不是有大大的问号,存储数据为什么不必数组呢?
咱们来联合各自特点比对下两种数据结构的优缺点:
👺 数组存储地位间断,而链表不间断
如果在数组两头插入一个元素会怎么 🤔 数组是间断的,就像插队一样,其余人都要向后一位;而链表存储不间断,插入时其余元素无需变动,删除同理;
故可得出结论:插入或删除元素时,链表比数组更有劣势
👺 数组间接拜访元素,而链表通过指针寻找元素
因数组存储间断,咱们可间接通过下标对其拜访;而链表则须要从表头开始逐个寻找,直至找到;
故可得出结论:查找元素时,数组比链表更有劣势
链表实现
👇 咱们接下来用 js 模仿一个链表,并为其增加如下办法:
append(element)
:向链表尾部追加新元素insert(element, position)
:向链表特定地位插入新元素remove(element)
:从链表中移除某一元素indexOf(element)
:返回元素在链表中的索引, 若没有该元素则返回 -1removeAt(position)
:从链表特定地位移除一个元素isEmpty()
:链表中是否存在元素size()
:链表中元素个数
对链表而言,无论是插入操作还是删除操作,均是扭转 next
指针指向的过程。
🦥 构造
首先咱们来定义下链表中的节点,应蕴含其元素自身 element
及指向下一节点的指针next
class Node<T> {
element: T | null;
next: Node<T> | null;
constructor(element: T | null) {
this.element = element;
this.next = null;
}
}
在来明确下链表构造,其须要有一个头部节点head
,及一个记录长度的length
class LinkedList<T> {
head: Node<T> | null = null;
length = 0;
}
🦥 append(element)
若空,则其为头部节点;若非空,则其为链表尾部节点;
append(element: T) {let node = new Node<T>(element);
if (!this.head) {this.head = node;} else {
let current = this.head;
while (current.next) {current = current.next;}
current.next = node;
}
this.length++;
}
🦥 insert(element, position)
找到插入地位,更改 next 指向
- position = 0,
node.next -> head
- position > 0,
previous.next -> node, node.next -> current
insert(element: T, position: number) {if (position < 0 || position > this.length) return false;
let node = new Node<T>(element);
let index = 0;
let current = this.head;
let previous: Node<T> | null = null;
if (position === 0) {
node.next = this.head;
this.head = node;
} else {while (current && index++ < position) {
previous = current;
current = current.next;
}
(previous as Node<T>).next = node;
node.next = current;
}
this.length++;
return true;
}
🦥 removeAt(position)
思路同insert
,找到插入地位,更改 next 指向
- position = 0,
head -> head.next
- position > 0,
previous.next -> current.next
removeAt(position: number) {if (!this.head || position < 0 || position >= this.length) return false;
let index = 0;
let current: Node<T> | null = this.head;
let previous: Node<T> | null = null;
if (position === 0) {this.head = this.head.next;} else {while (current && index++ < position) {
previous = current;
current = current.next;
}
(previous as Node<T>).next = current?.next || null;
}
this.length--;
return true;
}
🦥 indexOf(element)
从头遍历链表即可
indexOf(element: T) {
let current = this.head;
let index = 0;
while (current) {if (typeof current.element === 'object') {if (JSON.stringify(element) === JSON.stringify(current.element)) return index;
} else {if (element === current.element) return index;
}
current = current.next;
index++;
}
return -1;
}
🦥 remove(element)
整合 removeAt
和indexOf
即可
remove(element: T) {let position = this.indexOf(element);
return this.removeAt(position);
}
双向链表
字面意思阐明所有,一个连贯为双向的链表;可抉择“从头遍历至尾”亦或“从尾遍历至头”;
故咱们为 Node
类追加一个 prev
指针,为链表减少一个 tail
属性,改写以下三个办法append
、insert
、removeAt
🦶tips:只有留神好其指针的连贯即可,切莫丢三落四只连贯了一个方向
🦥 append(element)
- 若为空,则
head = node
、tail = node
- 若非空,则
tail.next = node
,node.prev = tail
;而后更新tail
即可
append(element: T) {let node = new Node<T>(element);
if (!this.head || !this.tail) {
this.head = node;
this.tail = node;
} else {
this.tail.next = node;
node.prev = this.tail;
this.tail = node;
}
this.length++;
}
🦥 insert(element, position)
- 插入头部或尾部,思路同追加元素,思考好边界值即可
- 插入两头,next 链:
prevNode.next = node
->node.next = nextNode
;prev 链:nextNode.prev = node
->node.prev = prevNode
;
insert(element: T, position: number) {if (position < 0 || position > this.length) return false;
let node = new Node<T>(element);
if (position === 0) {if (this.head) {
this.head.prev = node;
node.next = this.head;
this.head = node;
} else {
this.head = node;
this.tail = node;
}
}
else if (position === this.length) {(this.tail as Node<T>).next = node;
node.prev = this.tail;
this.tail = node;
}
else {
let current = this.head;
let previous: Node<T> | null = null;
let index = 0;
while (current && index++ < position) {
previous = current;
current = current.next;
}
(previous as Node<T>).next = node;
node.next = current;
(current as Node<T>).prev = node;
node.prev = previous;
}
this.length++;
}
🦥 removeAt(position)
思路根本和 insert 统一
- 若链表仅有一个节点,头尾节点别离赋 null
- 删除头部:
head = head.next
、head.prev = null
,尾部同理 - 删除两头
preNode.next = nextNode
、nextNode.prev = preNode
removeAt(position: number) {if (!this.head || position < 0 || position >= this.length) return false;
if (position === 0) {if (this.length === 1) {
this.head = null;
this.tail = null;
} else {
this.head = this.head.next;
(this.head as Node<T>).prev = null;
}
}
else if (position === this.length - 1) {this.tail = (this.tail as Node<T>).prev;
(this.tail as Node<T>).next = null;
}
else {
let current: Node<T> | null = this.head;
let previous: Node<T> | null = null;
let index = 0;
while (current && index++ < position) {
previous = current;
current = current.next;
}
if (!previous || !current) return false;
previous.next = current.next;
(current.next as Node<T>).prev = previous;
}
this.length--;
return true;
}
循环链表
正如其名,首尾相连即造成了循环链表 tailNode.next = head
;实现时留神好边界值的解决即可,尤其是波及首尾元素的解决;思维上与上文实现基本一致,大家无妨入手试试看。
👺 双脚奉上单循环链表的代码连贯:单循环链表
小试牛刀
以下题目均来自 LeetCode,笔者会为每道题目提供一种解题思路;此思路绝非最佳,欢送各位看官积极思考,并留下本人的独特见解。
鉴于题干较长,请点击题目查看具体题目。
下文所有 ListNode 格局如下:
class ListNode {
val: number
next: ListNode | null
constructor(val?: number, next?: ListNode | null) {this.val = (val === undefined ? 0 : val)
this.next = (next === undefined ? null : next)
}
}
LeetCode 141. 环形链表
👺 题目简述
入参为头节点,判断是否可成环。
👺 题目剖析
判断是否成环,第一想法为借用长度,若超出长度仍可循环,则有环。
let index = 0;
let current = head;
while (current) {if (index > size) return true;
current = current.next;
index++;
}
return false;
但此题入参仅有头节点,得换个思路;一个指针必然行不通,没有突破循环的条件,有环岂不是死循环了;那咱们借助两个指针,一快一慢,想不明确的话能够类比下时钟或者跑步压圈,如若有环,一快一慢必然相遇。
👺 代码实现
const hasCycle = (head: ListNode | null): boolean => {
let slow = head;
let fast = head;
while (slow && fast && fast.next) {
slow = slow.next;
fast = fast.next.next;
if (slow === fast) {return true;}
}
return false;
};
LeetCode 2. 两数相加
👺 题目简述
下图为两个逆序存储的链表,代表:342 + 465 = 807
入参:两个链表的头部 l1、l2,求新生成链表 (sum 的链表模式)
👺 题目剖析
笔者看到此题,首先想到的是,别离遍历两个链表,取到对应数字,相加后存入新链表;当笔者兴致冲冲的提交后,大数了,若在我的项目中能够 big.js 等解决下大数,这毕竟是练习题,咱们尝试换个思路。
遍历 l1 -> 获取 342
遍历 l2 -> 获取 465
342 + 465 = 807
807 存入链表 7 -> 0 -> 8
这就是一个手写加法运算的过程,咱们按位相加,2 + 5 = 7
,4 + 6 = 10 即 0 进位 1
,3 + 4 + 进位 1 = 8
- 遍历 l1、l2,按位相加
- 新增变量代表是否进位,若进位则加 1
- 留神最初若仍旧有进位,需补 1,如:
89 + 13 = 102
-------------
9 8
3 1
-----
2 0 1
👺 代码实现
const addTwoNumbers = (
l1: ListNode | null,
l2: ListNode | null,
): ListNode | null => {
let current1 = l1;
let current2 = l2;
let carryOver = 0; // 进位
let sum: ListNode = new ListNode(); // sum 链, 给个默认头部, 最初取 next 即可
let current: ListNode | null = sum;
while (current1 || current2) {
// 两链表未必等长 如 999 + 1
let currentSum = (current1?.val || 0) + (current2?.val || 0) + carryOver;
carryOver = 0;
if (currentSum >= 10) {
carryOver = 1;
currentSum -= 10;
}
current.next = new ListNode(currentSum);
current1 = current1?.next || null;
current2 = current2?.next || null;
current = current.next;
}
if (carryOver > 0) current.next = new ListNode(carryOver);
return sum.next;
};
LeetCode 24. 两两替换链表中的节点
👺 题目简述
给定一个链表,两两替换其中相邻的节点,并返回替换后的链表
入参:链表头节点
👺 题目剖析
链表问题实质都是拨弄指针的问题,以 1、3、4 两两调换为例
[1, next: 3] [3, next: 4], [4, next: null]
------------------------------------------
[1, next: 3] -> [1, next: 4]
[4, next: null] -> [4, next: 3]
[3, next: 4 -> [3, next: null]
留神下边界值,首次循环时解决的只有两个节点,且需记录新的 head 值
👺 代码实现
const swapPairs = (head: ListNode | null): ListNode | null => {
let previous: ListNode | null = null;
let current = head;
let index = 0; // 记录是否为首次循环
while (current && current.next) {
previous = current;
current = current.next;
if (index === 0) {
previous.next = current.next;
current.next = previous;
head = current; // 替换后扭转头部的值
}
if (index > 0 && current.next) {
let node = current;
current = current.next;
node.next = current.next;
previous.next = current;
current.next = node;
}
current = current.next;
index++;
}
return head;
}
后记
🔗 本文代码 Github 链接:链表
🔗 本系列其它文章链接:起航篇 – 排序算法、栈与队列