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CSC 452 – Project 2: Syscalls
Due: Sunday, February 20, 2022, by 11:59pm
Project Description
We know from our description of the kernel that it provides fundamental operations that help us to
interact with resources. These system calls include things like read, write, open, close, and fork. With
access to the source code for the Linux kernel, we have the ability to extend the kernel’s standard
functionality with our own.
In this assignment we will be creating a simple interface for passing small text messages from one user
to another by way of the kernel.
How it Will Work
There will be a userspace application called osmsg that allows a user to send and receive short text
messages. To send a message the user will issue a command like:
osmsg -s jmisurda“Hello world”
which will queue up a message to be sent to the user jmisurda when they get their messages with the
following command:
osmsg -r
This would output something like the following:
abc123 said:“Hello world”
Notice that this is more like email than instant messages, due to the fact that the recipient needs to
explicitly request their messages. If there is more than one message waiting to be received, they will all
be displayed at once. A message is discarded from the system after it has been read.
Syscall Interface
The osmsg application will do the sending and receiving of messages via two new system calls, which
you will implement. The syscalls should look like the following:
asmlinkage long sys_csc452_send_msg(const char __user *to, const char __user
msg, const char __user from)
This function sends a single message given the three string parameters. The return value should be 0 for
success, and a negative number on error.
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asmlinkage long sys_csc452_get_msg(const char __user to, char __user msg,
char __user *from)
This function takes the recipient’s username as an input, and then returns via the two other parameters
the message and sender. Notice that this only returns one message, but there may be many messages to
deliver. The return value should be used to indicate if there are more messages to receive: 1 means to
call the function again, 0 means that there are no more to deliver, and a negative number indicates an
error. The msg and from pointers need to be pointing to space allocated in the user program’s address
space.
Implementation
There are two halves of implementation, the syscalls themselves, and the osmsg program.
For the syscalls, have them modify a linked list of messages. Memory in the kernel can be allocated by
kmalloc() You can make the nodes of the linked list structures with fixed sized fields. Make the fields
reasonably-sized however.
Because this is a memory resident data structure, the messages will not survive a reboot. This is fine.
You may want to make a shell script to add a lot of messages quickly into the VM.
Setting up the Kernel Source
Download the new Virtual Machine image from the website and follow these steps to configure:
- Download the source code:
wget https://www.kernel.org/pub/li… - Extract
tar -xJf linux-5.12.6.tar.xz - Change into linux-5.12.6/ directory
cd linux-5.12.6 - Make sure the kernel is clean and ready for our system
make clean && make mrproper - Use the current VM’s device configuration to determine what drivers to build
make localmodconfig
And accept the defaults by hitting ↵ Enter at the prompts
3 - Configure the build to not use ZSTD compression
make menuconfig
a. Hit ↵ Enter on the selected“General setup —–>”
b. Use the down arrow key to highlight“Kernel compression mode (ZSTD) —–>”
c. Hit ↵ Enter
d. Use arrow keys to select“Bzip2”. Hit ↵ Enter .
e. Use right arrow key to select“Save”(hit right twice)
f. ↵ Enter to select“< Ok >”
g. Right arrow to select“Exit”. ↵ Enter .
h. Right arrow to select“Exit”. ↵ Enter .
i. You should now be back at the normal command line - Build (this will take about 1 hour on a reasonably recent machine)
make -j2 - Build the drivers and install them
make modules_install
You should only need to do this once, however redoing step 4 (and on) will undo any changes you’ve
made and give you a fresh copy of the kernel should things go horribly awry.
Rebuilding the Kernel
To build any changes you made, from the linux-5.12.6/ directory:
make -j2
make modules_install
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Installing the Rebuilt Kernel
After you’ve built a kernel and done the modules_install step, you will need to install the kernel into the
boot folder. From the linux-5.12.6/ directory, do:
cp -v arch/x86/boot/bzImage /boot/vmlinuz-5.12.6
cp System.map /boot/System.map-5.12.6
mkinitcpio -k 5.12.6 -g /boot/initramfs-5.12.6.img
You also need to update the bootloader when the kernel changes. To do this (do it every time you install
a new kernel if you like) type:
grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg
Booting into the Modified Kernel
As root, you simply can use the reboot command to cause the system to restart. When GRUB starts (the
menu with the box around it) make sure to use the arrow keys to select the Advanced Options for Arch
Linux option and hit enter. From there, select the Arch Linux, with Linux 5.12.6 entry to boot into your
new kernel. You will need to do this every time you want to use the kernel with your system calls.
This is deliberate, as if your kernel crashes, you can always boot into the“good”one to recover your
system.
Adding a New Syscall
To add a new syscall to the Linux kernel, there are five main files that need to be modified: - linux-5.12.6/kernel/sys.c
This file contains the actual implementation of the system calls. We will declare them near the top to
make editing easier. Use the SYSCALL_DEFINEn() macro to declare a system call with n parameters. For
us, we will need three parameters. I suggest putting them right above the setpriority system call that
already is there. Note that this macro will automatically add the sys_ prefix, so omit it when naming
them here. - include/linux/syscalls.h
This file needs to contain the full prototypes of our two new system calls, without using the DEFINE
macro from sys.c. - include/uapi/asm-generic/unistd.h
This file contains the system call numbers (ordinals) for generic systems. We will add our two system
calls following the other examples. We should be adding system calls numbered 443 and 444. Make sure
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to also increase __NR_syscalls to 445 to indicate there are two more than there used to be. (NR should
be read as“number”.) - arch/x86/entry/syscalls/syscall_64.tbl
This file declares the number that corresponds to the syscalls for 64-bit x86 systems. We will take the
next two numbers: - common csc452_send_msg sys_csc452_send_msg
- common csc452_get_msg sys_csc452_get_msg
- arch/x86/entry/syscalls/syscall_32.tbl
This file declares the number that corresponds to the syscalls for 32-bit x86 systems. We again will take
the next two numbers: - i386 csc452_send_msg sys_csc452_send_msg
- i386 csc452_get_msg sys_csc452_get_msg
We now should rebuild the kernel, which since we touched a header file, will probably result in one
more hour-long compilation. The good news is that we should only have to edit sys.c from now on, and
that recompilation will be quick. After you build it, don’t forget to follow the installation steps and
reboot into the new kernel before you test.
Implementing and Building the osmsg Program
As you implement your syscalls, you are also going to want to test them via your co-developed osmsg
program. The first thing we need is a way to use our new syscalls. We do this by using the syscall()
function. The syscall function takes as its first parameter the number that represents which system call
we would like to make. The remainder of the parameters are passed as the parameters to our syscall
function. Since we are
We can write wrapper functions or macros to make the syscalls appear more natural in a C program. For
example, since we are on the 32-bit version of x86, you could write:
int send_msg(char to, char msg, char *from) {
syscall(443, to, msg, from);
}
And something similar for get_msg().
Running osmsg
Make sure you run osmsg under your modified kernel. If you try to invoke a system call that isn’t part of
the kernel, it will appear to return -1.
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File Backups
I suggest making a directory on Lectura under your home directory that no one else can see.
If you have not done so for the other projects, on Lectura, do:
mkdir private
chmod 700 private
Backup all the files you change under VirtualBox to your ~/private/ directory frequently!
Loss of work not backed up is not grounds for an extension. YOU HAVE BEEN WARNED.
Copying Files In and Out of VirtualBox
Once again, you can use scp (secure copy) to transfer files in and out of our virtual machine.
You can backup a file named sys.c to your private folder with:
scp sys.c USERNAME@lectura.cs.arizona.edu:private
Hints and Notes
• printk() is the version of printf() you can use for debugging messages from the kernel.
o Unless you configure the /proc/sys/kernel/printk file to contain values of at
least 5, you won’t see the message printed on the screen and will have to use the
output of the dmesg command to see all kernel messages.
• In general, you can use some library standard C functions, but not all. If they do an OS call, they
may not work
• kmalloc() and kfree() allow you to allocate kernel memory to make nodes for a linked-list
based queue. Use GFP_KERNEL for the mode.
• To get the current user’s name, use getenv() to get the appropriate environment variable.
Note this is in no way a secure authentication method
• Use the linux command useradd to add more users to your system. You can use su to switch
users and passwd (as root) to change the password of the users. Use the man pages or google
to learn more about these commands.
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• This is not an appropriate system call for a real operating system since it does not provide
anything a user level program could not do itself. It is for illustrative purposes only.
Requirements and Submission
You need to submit:
• Your well-commented osmsg program’s source
• sys.c containing your implementation of the system calls
We will use the turnin program on lectura to turn in your project. If your files are named sys.c and
osmsg.c, execute the following command from lectura in the directory that contains them:
turnin csc452-spring22-p2 sys.c osmsg.c
