关于spring:通过Spring-Boot构建一个购物车微服务

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在 Spring MVC 中，您能够创立 REST 应用程序。

您创立一个应用 @RestController 正文的控制器类。

而后定义应用 @RequestMapping 正文的处理程序办法。

您还能够应用 @PathVariable 正文的 URI 模板参数。此处显示的代码示例公开了 REST 端点 / users / {user}。{user}的代码是用于自定义 REST 申请的门路变量。Spring Boot 提供了一个 Jackson ObjectMapper 的主动配置，用于 JSON 无效负载和 POJO 对象之间的主动编组。

Spring 在构建 REST 资源时，通常应用 @RestController 和 @RequestMapping 来定义。而 JavaEE 定义的时候，通常应用 JAX-RS 实现 @Path。当然，在 Spring 中也能够应用 JAX-RS。

作为开发的另一种抉择，您能够应用 JAX-RS。默认的 Spring Boot JAX-RS 实现是 Jersey，它是 Glassfish Jax-RS 实现。您能够应用 spring-boot-starter-jersey Spring Boot 启动器。Spring Boot 提供 Jersey servlet 和 Jackson 数据绑定的主动配置。您能够应用规范的 JAX-RS 正文构建 REST 端点，例如 @ javax.ws.rs.Path，@ javax.ws.rs.Produces 和 javax.ws.rs.GET。此代码示例演示如何应用 JAX-RS 在 Spring 中构建 REST 资源。

REST 资源类须要在 Jersey 上下文中注册。这里显示了一个例子。

Spring Boot 包含对嵌入式 Tomcat，Jetty 和 Undertow 服务器的反对。默认状况下，Spring Boot 启动程序（特地是 spring-boot-starter-web）应用 Tomcat 作为嵌入式容器。要应用备用服务器，请排除 Tomcat 依赖项并蕴含所需的依赖项。这里的代码片段显示了如何排除 Tomcat 并蕴含 Undertow 服务器所需的依赖关系。

  • Spring Framework 为应用 SQL 数据库提供了宽泛的反对。您能够应用 JdbcTemplate 间接进行 JDBC 拜访。您还能够将 JPA 对象关系映射与 Hibernate 一起应用。Spring Data 为反对 SQL，NoSQL，MapReduce 框架和基于云的数据服务的数据拜访提供了基于 Spring 的编程模型。Spring Boot 提供以下启动器：spring-boot-starter-jdbc 和 spring-boot-starter-data-jpa。Spring Boot 的一个很好的性能是内存数据库的主动配置，非常适合测试。此外，Spring Boot 还提供具备内部配置属性的数据源的主动配置。

Spring Framework 还提供实体类扫描，以及 Spring Data Repository 类的主动注册。Spring JPA 存储库是封装数据拜访的接口。JPA 查问是从办法名称主动创立的。这里显示了一个例子。

Spring Boot 配置能够内部化，以便雷同的利用程序代码能够在不同的环境中工作。您能够应用属性文件，YAML 文件，环境变量和命令行参数来内部化配置。能够应用 @Value 正文将属性值间接注入 bean，通过 Spring 的 Environment 形象拜访，或通过 @ConfigurationProperties 绑定到结构化对象。

Spring Boot 应用一个有序的序列来指定属性，以便容许正当地笼罩值。程序如下：

@TestPropertySource

命令行参数

Java 零碎属性

OS 环境变量

打包 JAR 之外的特定于配置文件的应用程序属性

打包的 JAR 中的特定于配置文件的应用程序属性

默认属性

应用 @Value（“$ {property}”）正文来注入配置属性可能很麻烦。Spring Boot 提供了另一种抉择。您能够定义强类型 bean 来治理和验证应用程序的配置。

上面的代码示例定义了以下属性：

foo.enabled，默认为 false

foo.remote-address，具备能够从 String 强制转换的类型

foo.security.username，具备嵌套安全性

foo.security.roles，带有 String 汇合

您能够像应用任何其余 bean 一样注入此配置。

Spring Profiles 提供了一种隔离应用程序配置局部的办法，并使每个局部仅在某些环境中可用 – 例如，dev，QA 或 production。

任何 @Component 或 @Configuration 都能够用 @Profile 标记，以限度何时加载。

特定于配置文件的属性文件名为 application- {profile} .properties。

当配置文件处于活动状态时，您能够笼罩 application.properties 中的默认属性。

  • 您能够通过以下任何形式指定流动配置文件：应用 -Dspring.profiles.active = dev 作为命令行上的零碎属性 作为应用导出 SPRING_PROFILES_ACTIVE = dev 的环境变量 在应用 spring.profiles.active = dev 的应用程序属性中 在应用 @ActiveProfiles（“test”）的测试用例中

Spring Cloud 是一个用于开发云原生应用程序的框架。Spring Cloud 提供了通用设计模式的实现，以反对云本机应用程序的开发。Spring Cloud 提供的解决方案：

  • 集中配置管理
  • 服务注册和发现
  • 负载平衡
  • 断路器
  • 异步通信
  • 分布式跟踪

Spring Cloud 还提供第三方工具和库的集成和形象：

  • Netflix OSS Eureka 服务注册表
  • HashiCorp 服务注销
  • Netflix OSS Hystrix 断路器和隔板
  • Netflix OSS 功能区客户端负载均衡器
  • Apache Kafka 和 RabbitMQ 音讯代理
  • Zipkin 分布式追踪

Spring Cloud Kubernetes 提供 Spring Cloud 与 Kubernetes 和 OpenShift 的集成。它由 Red Hat Fabric8.io 团队发动，当初由 Spring Cloud Incubator 托管。

性能包含以下内容：

  • 带有 ConfigMaps 和 secret 的 Spring Boot 配置
  • 当在 ConfigMap 中检测到更改时，PropertySource 从新加载以触发应用程序从新加载
  • pod 运行状况指示器，用于将特定于 pod 的运行状况数据增加到 Spring Actuator 运行状况端点
  • 在 Kubernetes 上运行时，Kubernetes 配置文件主动配置
  • Kubernetes 的功能区发现
  • Archaius-a Netflix OSS 配置管理库 -ConfigMap 属性源
  • 透明度 – 当应用程序在 Kubernetes / OpenShift 之外运行时，Spring Cloud Kubernetes 不会中断

在 Red Hat Fuse Integration Services 2.x 版中，Spring Boot 是在 OpenShift 上开发 Camel 应用程序的首选框架。启动器模块是 camel-spring-boot-starter。CamelContext 的主动配置在 Spring 应用程序上下文中注册。应用 @Component 正文的 Camel 路由会自动检测并注入 CamelContext。

二：试验展示：构建购物车

在本试验中，您增加了为 Coolstore 应用程序的购物车微服务公开 REST API 的性能。实验室从上一个实验室的解决方案代码开始，包含您应用的其余文件。

为购物车微服务实现和公开 REST API

查看并运行 REST API 的单元测试

利用架构

购物车微服务由一个 Maven 我的项目组成，该我的项目外部由许多服务对象组成：

PriceCalculationService 蕴含用于计算购物车的运费和总价值的逻辑。

CatalogService 负责调用目录服务以获取产品数据。

ShoppingCartService 负责管理购物车。

CartEndpoint 蕴含用于拜访购物车微服务的 REST API。

在本试验中，您将增加 REST API 的实现以拜访 CartEndpoint 类中的购物车微服务。

启动 Red Hat Developer Studio。抉择文件→导入。在“导入”对话框中，抉择“Maven”→“现有 Maven 我的项目”，而后单击“下一步”。单击“浏览”并导航到〜/ appmod_springboot_experienced / lab-02。这是您解压缩本试验的代码的目录。确保为我的项目选中了 /pom.xml 框，而后单击 Finish。导入后，验证您是否看到该我的项目。

查看购物车服务项目的 pom.xml 文件，并留神以下事项：在 dependencyManagement 局部中，导入 spring-boot-dependencies 物料清单（BOM）POM。此 POM 蕴含特定 Spring Boot 版本反对的所有依赖项的策动列表。实际上，这意味着您不用手动跟踪在构建配置中增加的依赖项的版本，因为 Spring Boot 正在为您治理。降级 Spring Boot 自身时，依赖关系也会以统一的形式降级。在 Red Hat OpenShift Application Runtimes 环境中认证的 Spring Boot 版本是 1.5.10.RELEASE。spring-boot-maven 插件用于构建可执行的 JAR 文件（fat JAR）。插件的从新打包指标创立了一个可主动执行的 JAR（或 WAR）文件。

应用 Spring Boot 开发一个购物车微服务 应用 Spring Boot，能够应用不同的技术来构建 REST API。您能够应用 Spring MVC 框架或实现 JAX-RS 标准的框架。对于购物车服务，须要以下 REST 端点：GET / cart / {cartId}按 ID 获取购物车。POST / cart / {cartId} / {itemId} / {quantity}将商品增加到购物车。DELETE / cart / {cartId} / {itemId} / {quantity}从购物车中删除商品。POST / cart / checkout / {cartId}查看购物车。

咱们查看源码，进行剖析：

package com.redhat.coolstore.cart.rest;

import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;

import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;

import org.slf4j.Logger;

import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;

import com.redhat.coolstore.cart.service.ShoppingCartService;

import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;

import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PathVariable;

import com.redhat.coolstore.cart.model.ShoppingCart;

import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PostMapping;

import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.DeleteMapping;

@RestController

@RequestMapping(“/cart”)

//@RequestMapping 批注标识资源类或类办法为其申请的 URI 门路。购物车服务的 URI 门路是 / cart。@RestController 正文将此类标识为 REST 资源 //

public class CartEndpoint {

private static final Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(CartEndpoint.class);

// 应用 SLF4J API 配置一个 logger//

    @Autowired

    private ShoppingCartService shoppingCartService;

// 应用 Spring @Autowired 正文注入 ShoppingCartService//

    @GetMapping(“/{cartId}”)

    public ShoppingCart getCart(@PathVariable String cartId) {

        return shoppingCartService.getShoppingCart(cartId);

    }

//@GetMapping 示意带正文的办法响应 HTTP GET 申请。URI 局部附加到类级别定义的根本门路。{cartId}示意模板参数名称。@PathVariable 将 URI 模板参数的值绑定到办法变量。此代码将调用委托给 ShoppingCartService.getShoppingCart 办法。//

    @PostMapping(“/{cartId}/{itemId}/{quantity}”)

    public ShoppingCart add(@PathVariable String cartId,

                            @PathVariable String itemId,

                            @PathVariable int quantity) {

            return shoppingCartService.addToCart(cartId, itemId, quantity);

    }

// 此办法实现 REST POST / cart / {cartId} / {itemId} / {quantity}端点。//

    @DeleteMapping(“/{cartId}/{itemId}/{quantity}”)

    public ShoppingCart delete(@PathVariable String cartId,

                                    @PathVariable String itemId,

                                    @PathVariable int quantity) {

        return shoppingCartService.removeFromCart(cartId, itemId, quantity);

    }

// 此办法实现 DELETE / cart / {cartId} / {itemId} / {quantity}端点。//

    @PostMapping(“/checkout/{cartId}”)

    public ShoppingCart checkout(@PathVariable String cartId) {

        ShoppingCart cart = shoppingCartService.checkoutShoppingCart(cartId);

        LOG.info(“ShoppingCart ” + cart + ” checked out”);

        return cart;

    }

}

// 此办法实现 REST POST / cart / checkout / {cartId}端点。目前，只需记录购物车已签出的事实就足够了。//

查看并运行端到端集成测试 此时，您已筹备好所有局部。在本节中，您将查看并运行购物车服务的端到端测试（或集成测试）。Spring Boot 容许集成测试，而无需理论部署应用程序或连贯到其余基础架构。Spring Boot 应用程序作为测试自身的一部分进行自举。所须要的只是依赖于 spring-boot-starter-test 启动器。您能够应用不同的技术在集成测试中测试 REST 端点。REST Assured 是一种晦涩而优雅的 Java DSL，用于简化基于 REST 的服务的测试，可用于验证和验证这些服务的响应。Rest Assured 使得验证 JSON 或 XML 无效负载变得特地容易。要模仿近程目录服务，您能够应用 WireMock 框架，就像在 CatalogService 服务的测试中一样。Spring Boot 应用程序 – 更具体地说，是 CatalogService 实现 – 冀望将 catalog.service.url 零碎属性设置为近程目录服务的 URL。将此属性注入测试的一种办法是利用 Spring 配置文件和 Spring Boot 对特定于配置文件的属性的反对。在我的项目的 src / test / resources 文件夹中，查看名为 application-test.properties 的文件：

无需为此属性设置值，因为理论的 URL（特地是 WireMock 服务器绑定的端口）在执行测试自身之前是未知的。您将理论 URL 注入测试代码。Spring Boot 从类门路根目录中的 application.properties 和 application- {profile} .properties 文件加载属性，并将它们增加到 Spring 环境中。在这种状况下，仅在测试配置文件处于活动状态时才加载 application-t

est.properties。

抉择我的项目的 src / test / java 文件夹。查看 com.redhat.coolstore.cart.rest 包中的 CartEndpointTest 类。

此批注激活测试配置文件，因而 application-test.properties 文件将加载到 Spring 上下文中。

咱们查看测试的源码：

package com.redhat.coolstore.cart.rest;

import static com.github.tomakehurst.wiremock.client.WireMock.aResponse;

import static com.github.tomakehurst.wiremock.client.WireMock.get;

import static com.github.tomakehurst.wiremock.client.WireMock.stubFor;

import static com.github.tomakehurst.wiremock.client.WireMock.urlEqualTo;

import static com.github.tomakehurst.wiremock.core.WireMockConfiguration.wireMockConfig;

import static io.restassured.RestAssured.given;

import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.equalTo;

import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.hasItems;

import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.hasSize;

import java.io.InputStream;

import java.nio.charset.Charset;

import org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils;

import org.junit.Before;

import org.junit.Rule;

import org.junit.Test;

import org.junit.runner.RunWith;

//SpringRunner 类提供了 JUnit 测试框架和 Spring 框架之间的集成。当应用 SpringRunner，Spring 应用程序上下文时 – 在 Spring Boot 的状况下，这是 Spring Boot 应用程序自身 – 在测试和启用 Spring 组件的依赖注入之前的 bootstraps。//

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;

import org.springframework.boot.context.embedded.LocalServerPort;

import org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootTest;

import org.springframework.test.annotation.DirtiesContext;

import org.springframework.test.context.ActiveProfiles;

import org.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringRunner;

import org.springframework.test.util.ReflectionTestUtils;

import com.github.tomakehurst.wiremock.junit.WireMockRule;

import com.redhat.coolstore.cart.service.CatalogService;

import io.restassured.RestAssured;

import io.restassured.http.ContentType;

@ActiveProfiles(“test”)

@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)

@SpringBootTest(webEnvironment = SpringBootTest.WebEnvironment.RANDOM_PORT)

//@SpringBootTest 正文在惯例 Spring 测试框架上提供了一些特定于 Spring Boot 的加强性能。特地是，SpringBootTest.WebEnvironment.RANDOM_PORT 环境加载了一个嵌入式 WebApplicationContext 并提供了一个真正的 servlet 环境。

嵌入式 servlet 容器（在本例中为 Tomcat）在随机端口上启动和监听。

//

public class CartEndpointTest {

    @LocalServerPort

    private int port;

    @Rule

    public WireMockRule wireMockRule = new WireMockRule(wireMockConfig().dynamicPort());

    @Autowired

    private CatalogService catalogService;

    @Before

    public void beforeTest() throws Exception {

        RestAssured.baseURI = String.format(“http://localhost:%d/cart”, port);

        ReflectionTestUtils.setField(catalogService, null, “catalogServiceUrl”, “http://localhost:” + wireMockRule.port(), null);

        initWireMockServer();

    }

    @Test

    public void retrieveCartById() throws Exception {

        given().get(“/{cartId}”, “123456”)

            .then()

            .assertThat()

            .statusCode(200)

            .contentType(ContentType.JSON)

            .body(“id”, equalTo(“123456”))

            .body(“cartItemTotal”, equalTo(0.0f))

            .body(“shoppingCartItemList”, hasSize(0));

    }

    @Test

    @DirtiesContext

// 为了可能测试调用近程目录服务的 REST 端点，能够应用 WireMock 模仿目录服务。因为 WireMock 服务器绑定到随机端口（对于每个测试方法可能都是不同的端口），因而必须应用 ReflectionTestUtils 将理论的 WireMock URL 注入 CatalogService 实例。

应用 WireMock 时，会为每个测试方法实例化 WireMock 服务器的新实例，并绑定到不同的端口。因而，还必须为应用 WireMock 服务器的测试方法从新创立 Spring 上下文。这能够通过应用 Spring @DirtiesContext 正文来正文这些测试方法来实现。

//

    public void addItemToCart() throws Exception {

        given().post(“/{cartId}/{itemId}/{quantity}”, “234567”, “111111”, new Integer(1))

            .then()

            .assertThat()

            .statusCode(200)

            .contentType(ContentType.JSON)

            .body(“id”, equalTo(“234567”))

            .body(“cartItemTotal”, equalTo(new Float(100.0)))

            .body(“shoppingCartItemList”, hasSize(1))

            .body(“shoppingCartItemList.product.itemId”, hasItems(“111111”))

            .body(“shoppingCartItemList.price”, hasItems(new Float(100.0)))

            .body(“shoppingCartItemList.quantity”, hasItems(new Integer(1)));

    }

    @Test

    @DirtiesContext

    public void addExistingItemToCart() throws Exception {

        given().post(“/{cartId}/{itemId}/{quantity}”, “345678”, “111111”, new Integer(1));

        given().post(“/{cartId}/{itemId}/{quantity}”, “345678”, “111111”, new Integer(1))

            .then()

            .assertThat()

            .statusCode(200)

            .contentType(ContentType.JSON)

            .body(“id”, equalTo(“345678”))

            .body(“cartItemTotal”, equalTo(new Float(200.0)))

            .body(“shoppingCartItemList”, hasSize(1))

            .body(“shoppingCartItemList.product.itemId”, hasItems(“111111”))

            .body(“shoppingCartItemList.price”, hasItems(new Float(100.0)))

            .body(“shoppingCartItemList.quantity”, hasItems(new Integer(2)));

    }

    @Test

    @DirtiesContext

    public void addItemToCartWhenCatalogServiceThrowsError() throws Exception {

        given().post(“/{cartId}/{itemId}/{quantity}”, “234567”, “error”, new Integer(1))

            .then()

            .assertThat()

            .statusCode(500);

    }

    @Test

    @DirtiesContext

    public void removeAllInstancesOfItemFromCart() throws Exception {

        given().post(“/{cartId}/{itemId}/{quantity}”, “456789”, “111111”, new Integer(2));

        given().delete(“/{cartId}/{itemId}/{quantity}”, “456789”, “111111”, new Integer(2))

            .then()

            .assertThat()

            .statusCode(200)

            .contentType(ContentType.JSON)

            .body(“id”, equalTo(“456789”))

            .body(“cartItemTotal”, equalTo(new Float(0.0)))

            .body(“shoppingCartItemList”, hasSize(0));

    }

    @Test

    @DirtiesContext

    public void removeSomeInstancesOfItemFromCart() throws Exception {

        given().post(“/{cartId}/{itemId}/{quantity}”, “567890”, “111111”, new Integer(3));

        given().delete(“/{cartId}/{itemId}/{quantity}”, “567890”, “111111”, new Integer(1))

            .then()

            .assertThat()

            .statusCode(200)

            .contentType(ContentType.JSON)

            .body(“id”, equalTo(“567890”))

            .body(“cartItemTotal”, equalTo(new Float(200.0)))

            .body(“shoppingCartItemList”, hasSize(1))

            .body(“shoppingCartItemList.quantity”, hasItems(new Integer(2)));

    }

    @Test

    @DirtiesContext

    public void checkoutCart() throws Exception {

        given().post(“/{cartId}/{itemId}/{quantity}”, “678901”, “111111”, new Integer(3));

        given().post(“/checkout/{cartId}”, “678901”)

            .then()

            .assertThat()

            .statusCode(200)

            .contentType(ContentType.JSON)

            .body(“id”, equalTo(“678901”))

            .body(“cartItemTotal”, equalTo(new Float(0.0)))

            .body(“shoppingCartItemList”, hasSize(0));

    }

    private void initWireMockServer() throws Exception {

        InputStream isresp = Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader().getResourceAsStream(“catalog-response.json”);

        stubFor(get(urlEqualTo(“/product/111111”)).willReturn(

                aResponse().withStatus(200).withHeader(“Content-type”, “application/json”).withBody(IOUtils.toString(isresp, Charset.defaultCharset()))));

        stubFor(get(urlEqualTo(“/product/error”)).willReturn(

                aResponse().withStatus(500)));

    }

}

应用 Red Hat Developer Studio 中的 JUnit 测试运行器运行测试。

或者，在命令行中应用 Maven：

开始测试：

测试过程中的打印：

14 项测试胜利：

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spring
发表至： spring
2021-01-05
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