关于深度学习:用树莓派4b构建深度学习应用一硬件篇

前言

最近树莓派 4b 公布了 8gb 的版本，这么大的内存用在嵌入式设施上，几乎是为了深度计算而生，果决动手了一块，遂开启了一轮踩坑之旅。

为了防止反复网上已有的树莓派教程，后续系列文章，我尽量以 2020 年为基准，先打造一个最新最稳固的软硬件开发环境，再在其上构建 AI 利用。比方抉择构建 OpenCV 4.4，pyTorch 1.6 和 1.7，Tensorflow 2.1，而后在下面跑 yolo v5 利用，用 intel NCS2 减速等等…

这篇咱们先来选用一些必要的硬件设施，其中表明必备的，则是运行零碎所要求的，型号规格尽量保持一致，可选的局部可依据理论 AI 利用抉择即可。

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    <span style="font-size: 18px; color: rgb(0, 122, 170);"><strong mpa-from-tpl="t"> 树莓派 4b（必备，4gb 或 8gb）<mpchecktext contenteditable="false" id="1601710626254_0.06194475821511003">
      </mpchecktext></strong></span>
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树莓派 4b（必备，4gb 或 8gb）

如果是开发折腾用举荐 8gb 版本，无论是 tensorflow 还是 pytorch，甚至想在树莓派上开个 chrome 查下文档，都占相当大的内存。不过由理论应用来看，4gb 的版本足已满足以后需要，性价比很高，估算无限的优先选择。而 2gb 的版本不举荐，在编译大型利用或跑推理模型的时候容易 OOM，须要设置很大替换内存，会显著的拖慢编译速度，极度缩减 tf 卡的寿命。

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    <span style="font-size: 18px; color: rgb(0, 122, 170);"><strong mpa-from-tpl="t"> MircoSD 卡（必备，举荐 64gb）<mpchecktext contenteditable="false" id="1601710626254_0.06194475821511003">
      </mpchecktext></strong></span>
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MircoSD 卡（必备，举荐 64gb）

倡议多买几张，树莓派上能够装置各种零碎，进行多个备份。举荐 64g 的是因为这是当下国产卡比拟成熟便宜的型号，20 块左右，白菜价值得动手。

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    <span style="font-size: 18px; color: rgb(0, 122, 170);"><strong mpa-from-tpl="t"> 读卡器（必备）<mpchecktext contenteditable="false" id="1601710626254_0.06194475821511003">
      </mpchecktext></strong></span>
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读卡器（必备）

烧写镜像或是读写配置文件都须要用到，SD 卡套或 usb 读卡器都行，笔记本的话用卡套不便些。读卡器能够思考 usb 3.0，不过大多数状况 2.0 的 480Mbps 匹配 MircoSDXC 的速度也够用了。

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    <span style="font-size: 18px; color: rgb(0, 122, 170);"><strong mpa-from-tpl="t"> 摄像头（必备）<mpchecktext contenteditable="false" id="1601710626254_0.06194475821511003">
      </mpchecktext></strong></span>
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摄像头（必备）

跑 CV 类的 AI 利用必备，举荐采纳 CSI 的视频接口，树莓派的 USB 口太紧凑了，USB 的摄像头不肯定有地位能够插。必要的时候还须要扩大一个 USB HUB 解决多外设的问题。如果要跑工业 CV 利用，能够选用 IMX477R 高清摄像头配相应的长焦和微距镜头。

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    <span style="font-size: 18px; color: rgb(0, 122, 170);"><strong mpa-from-tpl="t"> 散热外壳（必备）<mpchecktext contenteditable="false" id="1601710626254_0.06194475821511003">
      </mpchecktext></strong></span>
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散热外壳（必备）

如果要长时间跑 AI 模型，几块散热片是远远不够的，举荐用乌金铠甲（间接在 CPU 上用 3M 的散热胶把热量引到整个外壳上）。这一代的树莓派 CPU 根底温度很高，轻易跑个桌面就 50℃多了，满负荷状态下能够稳固的跑在 85℃上一整天，必要的时候能够开启风扇降温（比拟吵）。

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    <span style="font-size: 18px; color: rgb(0, 122, 170);"><strong mpa-from-tpl="t"> 充电器 5v3A（必备）<mpchecktext contenteditable="false" id="1601710626254_0.06194475821511003">
      </mpchecktext></strong></span>
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充电器 5v3A（必备）

官网电源和国产配套电源（带开关不便重启）都能满足需要，一般手机充电器个别才 2A，有太多外设的话，电源的压力就很大。连贯太多外设的跑利用时候，会看到屏幕右上方的闪电亏电标记。

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    <span style="font-size: 18px; color: rgb(0, 122, 170);"><strong mpa-from-tpl="t"> 无线键盘鼠标（可选）<mpchecktext contenteditable="false" id="1601710626254_0.06194475821511003">
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无线键盘鼠标（可选）

如果想间接把树莓派当 PC 用，配一个 Nano 的无线键鼠，有物理输出设施，会不便调试代码。没有的话，也能够用 VNC 来远程桌面拜访，所以依据须要可选。

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    <span style="font-size: 18px; color: rgb(0, 122, 170);"><strong mpa-from-tpl="t"> HDMI 转接线（可选）<mpchecktext contenteditable="false" id="1601710626254_0.06194475821511003">
      </mpchecktext></strong></span>
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HDMI 转接线（可选）

树莓派 4b 的 HDMI 口是 micro 的，如果要连贯 HDMI 的显示器，则须要一根 micro HDMI 视频线或者转接头。心愿双显示输入的话，那要买两根 micro HDMI 视频线，因为树莓派的视频接口很近，同插 2 个转接口会打架 …

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    <span style="font-size: 18px; color: rgb(0, 122, 170);"><strong mpa-from-tpl="t"> intel 神经棒 NCS2（可选）<mpchecktext contenteditable="false" id="1601710626254_0.06194475821511003">
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intel 神经棒 NCS2（可选）

AI 利用往往是会进行大量浮点数计算，个别会采纳 GPU 进行运算，通过 GPU 弱小的浮点数运算能力，能够无效晋升神经网络运算的效力，但若是要将神经网络运算放到如树莓派的单板计算机进行运算，却往往受限于单板计算机的 GPU 运算效力，使得神经网络运算的速度有余。

尽管树莓派 4b 的运行速度是 3b 的 3 倍以上，但跑 AI 推理还是无奈达到实时（实测跑 yolo v4s，0.3fps），然而透过单板计算机进行 AIoT 的利用促成了边缘运算技术的倒退，若单板计算机要在神经网络运算上取得较佳的运算效力，能够思考透过 USB 即插即用的外接神经运算安装解决神经网络运算的效力需要。

Google Coral Edge TPU USB 减速棒 或者 intel Neural Compute Stick 2 都是能够应用的，就性价比来说，NCS2 会更高些。

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    <span style="font-size: 18px; color: rgb(0, 122, 170);"><strong mpa-from-tpl="t"> usb 延长线或 usb hub（可选）<mpchecktext contenteditable="false" id="1601710626254_0.06194475821511003">
      </mpchecktext></strong></span>
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usb 延长线或 usb hub（可选）

树莓派的 USB 口都集中在一起，直插设施的话（比方 NCS2）会把其余的口都挡住，所以多外设的话，最好再配一些 usb 延长线或是 usb hub 扩大接口数量。

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    <span style="font-size: 18px; color: rgb(0, 122, 170);"><strong mpa-from-tpl="t"> 树莓派 UPS 或充电宝（可选）<mpchecktext contenteditable="false" id="1601710626254_0.06194475821511003">
      </mpchecktext></strong></span>
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树莓派 UPS 或充电宝（可选）

如果想外出采集数据或是试验 AI 利用的话，还须要装备一个足够大的充电宝。前文提到一般充电宝接口电流最大 2A，如要更大电流，就须要采纳两节 18650 那种提供稳固的电源反对。

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    <span style="font-size: 18px; color: rgb(0, 122, 170);"><strong mpa-from-tpl="t"> 树莓派 4G 模块（可选）<mpchecktext contenteditable="false" id="1601710626254_0.06194475821511003">
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树莓派 4G 模块（可选）

在户外的车载我的项目或 AIoT 利用中，4G 模块能够提供无线的近程连贯。能够提供云端推理或是传感器数据云端存储，实现 4G 高速上网，无线通信，打电话，发短信，寰球定位等性能。

上述器件动手后，一顿操作将他们组合到一起就搞定硬件平台了。

整体上来看，绝对于 NVIDIA 的 Jetson 和 Google 的 Coral 而言，树莓派是一个比拟低廉的边缘计算设施，对于大规模对老本敏感的传感器网络来说，是一个很好的可选计划。

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      <p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; clear: both; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; min-height: 1em;">
        <strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; font-size: 15px;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(62, 62, 62);"><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"> 下一篇 </span></strong>
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      <p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; clear: both; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; line-height: 25.6px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
        <strong mpa-from-tpl="t" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; font-size: 14px;"> 咱们将搭建树莓派的软件环境，</strong>
      </p>
      <p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; clear: both; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; line-height: 25.6px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
        <strong mpa-from-tpl="t" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; font-size: 14px;"> 介绍一些罕用的工具软件，</strong>
      </p>
      <p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; clear: both; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; line-height: 25.6px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
        <strong mpa-from-tpl="t" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; font-size: 14px;"> 不便后续的开发工作，</strong>
      </p>
      <p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; clear: both; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; line-height: 25.6px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
        <strong mpa-from-tpl="t" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; font-size: 14px;"> 敬请期待…</strong>
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下一篇预报

咱们将搭建树莓派的软件环境，
介绍一些罕用的工具软件，
不便后续的开发工作，
敬请期待…