关于人工智能:深度学习故障诊断新方法残差收缩网络

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残差膨胀网络是残差网络的一种改良,其实是残差网络、注意力机制和软阈值函数的集成。

在肯定水平上,残差膨胀网络的工作原理,能够了解为:通过注意力机制留神到不重要的特色,通过软阈值函数将它们置为零;或者说,通过注意力机制留神到重要的特色,将它们保留下来,从而增强深度神经网络从含噪声信号中提取有用特色的能力。

1. 为什么要提出残差膨胀网络呢?

首先,在对样本进行分类的时候,样本中不可避免地会有一些噪声,就像高斯噪声、粉色噪声、拉普拉斯噪声等。更狭义地讲,样本中很可能蕴含着与以后分类工作无关的信息,这些信息也能够了解为噪声。这些噪声可能会对分类成果产生不利的影响。(软阈值化是许多信号降噪算法中的一个关键步骤)

举例来说,在马路边聊天的时候,聊天的声音里就可能会混淆车辆的鸣笛声、车轮声等等。当对这些声音信号进行语音辨认的时候,辨认成果不可避免地会受到鸣笛声、车轮声的影响。从深度学习的角度来讲,这些鸣笛声、车轮声所对应的特色,就应该在深度神经网络外部被剔除掉,免得对语音辨认的成果造成影响。

其次,即便是同一个样本集,各个样本的噪声量也往往是不同的。(这和注意力机制有相通之处;以一个图像样本集为例,各张图片中指标物体所在的地位可能是不同的;注意力机制能够针对每一张图片,留神到指标物体所在的地位)

例如,当训练猫狗分类器时,对于标签为“狗”的 5 张图像,第 1 张图像可能同时蕴含着狗和老鼠,第 2 张图像可能同时蕴含着狗和鹅,第 3 张图像可能同时蕴含着狗和鸡,第 4 张图像可能同时蕴含着狗和驴,第 5 张图像可能同时蕴含着狗和鸭子。咱们在训练猫狗分类器的时候,就不可避免地会受到老鼠、鹅、鸡、驴和鸭子等无关物体的烦扰,造成分类准确率降落。如果咱们可能留神到这些无关的老鼠、鹅、鸡、驴和鸭子,将它们所对应的特色删除掉,就有可能进步猫狗分类器的准确率。

2. 软阈值化是许多信号降噪算法的外围步骤

软阈值化,是很多信号降噪算法的外围步骤,将绝对值小于某个阈值的特色删除掉,将绝对值大于这个阈值的特色朝着零的方向进行膨胀。它能够通过以下公式来实现:

软阈值化的输入对于输出的导数为

由上可知,软阈值化的导数要么是 1,要么是 0。这个性质是和 ReLU 激活函数是雷同的。因而,软阈值化也可能减小深度学习算法遭逢梯度弥散和梯度爆炸的危险。

在软阈值化函数中,阈值的设置必须合乎两个的条件:第一,阈值是负数;第二,阈值不能大于输出信号的最大值,否则输入会全副为零。

同时,阈值最好还能合乎第三个条件:每个样本应该依据本身的噪声含量,有着本人独立的阈值。

这是因为,很多样本的噪声含量常常是不同的。例如常常会有这种状况,在同一个样本集外面,样本 A 所含噪声较少,样本 B 所含噪声较多。那么,如果是在降噪算法里进行软阈值化的时候,样本 A 就应该采纳较大的阈值,样本 B 就应该采纳较小的阈值。在深度神经网络中,尽管这些特色和阈值失去了明确的物理意义,然而根本的情理还是相通的。也就是说,每个样本应该依据本身的噪声含量,有着本人独立的阈值。

3. 注意力机制

注意力机制在计算机视觉畛域是比拟容易了解的。动物的视觉零碎能够疾速扫描全副区域,发现指标物体,进而将注意力集中在指标物体上,以提取更多的细节,同时克制无关信息。具体请参照注意力机制方面的文章。

Squeeze-and-Excitation Network(SENet)是一种较新的注意力机制下的深度学习办法。在不同的样本中,不同的特色通道,在分类工作中的奉献大小,往往是不同的。SENet 采纳一个小型的子网络,取得一组权重,进而将这组权重与各个通道的特色别离相乘,以调整各个通道特色的大小。这个过程,就能够认为是在施加不同大小的注意力在各个特色通道上。

在这种形式下,每一个样本,都会有本人独立的一组权重。换言之,任意的两个样本,它们的权重,都是不一样的。在 SENet 中,取得权重的具体门路是,“全局池化→全连贯层→ReLU 函数→全连贯层→Sigmoid 函数”。

4. 深度注意力机制下的软阈值化

残差膨胀网络借鉴了上述 SENet 的子网络结构,以实现深度注意力机制下的软阈值化。通过蓝色框内的子网络,就能够学习失去一组阈值,对各个特色通道进行软阈值化。

在这个子网络中,首先对输出特色图的所有特色,求它们的绝对值。而后通过全局均值池化和均匀,取得一个特色,记为 A。在另一条门路中,全局均值池化之后的特色图,被输出到一个小型的全连贯网络。这个全连贯网络以 Sigmoid 函数作为最初一层,将输入归一化到 0 和 1 之间,取得一个系数,记为 α。最终的阈值能够示意为 α×A。因而,阈值就是,一个 0 和 1 之间的数字×特色图的绝对值的均匀。这种形式,不仅保障了阈值为正,而且不会太大。

而且,不同的样本就有了不同的阈值。因而,在肯定水平上,能够了解成一种非凡的注意力机制:留神到与当前任务无关的特色,通过软阈值化,将它们置为零;或者说,留神到与当前任务无关的特色,将它们保留下来。

最初,重叠肯定数量的根本模块以及卷积层、批标准化、激活函数、全局均值池化以及全连贯输入层等,就失去了残缺的残差膨胀网络。

5. 残差膨胀网络或者有更宽泛的通用性

残差膨胀网络事实上是一种通用的特色学习办法。这是因为很多特色学习的工作中,样本中或多或少都会蕴含一些噪声,以及不相干的信息。这些噪声和不相干的信息,有可能会对特色学习的成果造成影响。例如说:

在图片分类的时候,如果图片同时蕴含着很多其余的物体,那么这些物体就能够被了解成“噪声”;残差膨胀网络或者可能借助注意力机制,留神到这些“噪声”,而后借助软阈值化,将这些“噪声”所对应的特色置为零,就有可能进步图像分类的准确率。

在语音辨认的时候,如果在声音较为嘈杂的环境里,比方在马路边、工厂车间里聊天的时候,残差膨胀网络兴许能够进步语音辨认的准确率,或者给出了一种可能进步语音辨认准确率的思路。

6.Keras 和 TFLearn 程序简介

本程序以图像分类为例,构建了小型的残差膨胀网络,超参数也未进行优化。为谋求高准确率的话,能够适当减少深度,减少训练迭代次数,以及适当调整超参数。上面是 Keras 程序:

#!/usr/bin/env python3
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
Created on Sat Dec 28 23:24:05 2019
Implemented using TensorFlow 1.0.1 and Keras 2.2.1
 
M. Zhao, S. Zhong, X. Fu, et al., Deep Residual Shrinkage Networks for Fault Diagnosis, 
IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 2019, DOI: 10.1109/TII.2019.2943898
@author: super_9527
"""

from __future__ import print_function
import keras
import numpy as np
from keras.datasets import mnist
from keras.layers import Dense, Conv2D, BatchNormalization, Activation
from keras.layers import AveragePooling2D, Input, GlobalAveragePooling2D
from keras.optimizers import Adam
from keras.regularizers import l2
from keras import backend as K
from keras.models import Model
from keras.layers.core import Lambda
K.set_learning_phase(1)

# Input image dimensions
img_rows, img_cols = 28, 28

# The data, split between train and test sets
(x_train, y_train), (x_test, y_test) = mnist.load_data()

if K.image_data_format() == 'channels_first':
    x_train = x_train.reshape(x_train.shape[0], 1, img_rows, img_cols)
    x_test = x_test.reshape(x_test.shape[0], 1, img_rows, img_cols)
    input_shape = (1, img_rows, img_cols)
else:
    x_train = x_train.reshape(x_train.shape[0], img_rows, img_cols, 1)
    x_test = x_test.reshape(x_test.shape[0], img_rows, img_cols, 1)
    input_shape = (img_rows, img_cols, 1)

# Noised data
x_train = x_train.astype('float32') / 255. + 0.5*np.random.random([x_train.shape[0], img_rows, img_cols, 1])
x_test = x_test.astype('float32') / 255. + 0.5*np.random.random([x_test.shape[0], img_rows, img_cols, 1])
print('x_train shape:', x_train.shape)
print(x_train.shape[0], 'train samples')
print(x_test.shape[0], 'test samples')

# convert class vectors to binary class matrices
y_train = keras.utils.to_categorical(y_train, 10)
y_test = keras.utils.to_categorical(y_test, 10)


def abs_backend(inputs):
    return K.abs(inputs)

def expand_dim_backend(inputs):
    return K.expand_dims(K.expand_dims(inputs,1),1)

def sign_backend(inputs):
    return K.sign(inputs)

def pad_backend(inputs, in_channels, out_channels):
    pad_dim = (out_channels - in_channels)//2
    inputs = K.expand_dims(inputs,-1)
    inputs = K.spatial_3d_padding(inputs, ((0,0),(0,0),(pad_dim,pad_dim)), 'channels_last')
    return K.squeeze(inputs, -1)

# Residual Shrinakge Block
def residual_shrinkage_block(incoming, nb_blocks, out_channels, downsample=False,
                             downsample_strides=2):
    
    residual = incoming
    in_channels = incoming.get_shape().as_list()[-1]
    
    for i in range(nb_blocks):
        
        identity = residual
        
        if not downsample:
            downsample_strides = 1
        
        residual = BatchNormalization()(residual)
        residual = Activation('relu')(residual)
        residual = Conv2D(out_channels, 3, strides=(downsample_strides, downsample_strides), 
                          padding='same', kernel_initializer='he_normal', 
                          kernel_regularizer=l2(1e-4))(residual)
        
        residual = BatchNormalization()(residual)
        residual = Activation('relu')(residual)
        residual = Conv2D(out_channels, 3, padding='same', kernel_initializer='he_normal', 
                          kernel_regularizer=l2(1e-4))(residual)
        
        # Calculate global means
        residual_abs = Lambda(abs_backend)(residual)
        abs_mean = GlobalAveragePooling2D()(residual_abs)
        
        # Calculate scaling coefficients
        scales = Dense(out_channels, activation=None, kernel_initializer='he_normal', 
                       kernel_regularizer=l2(1e-4))(abs_mean)
        scales = BatchNormalization()(scales)
        scales = Activation('relu')(scales)
        scales = Dense(out_channels, activation='sigmoid', kernel_regularizer=l2(1e-4))(scales)
        scales = Lambda(expand_dim_backend)(scales)
        
        # Calculate thresholds
        thres = keras.layers.multiply([abs_mean, scales])
        
        # Soft thresholding
        sub = keras.layers.subtract([residual_abs, thres])
        zeros = keras.layers.subtract([sub, sub])
        n_sub = keras.layers.maximum([sub, zeros])
        residual = keras.layers.multiply([Lambda(sign_backend)(residual), n_sub])
        
        # Downsampling using the pooL-size of (1, 1)
        if downsample_strides > 1:
            identity = AveragePooling2D(pool_size=(1,1), strides=(2,2))(identity)
            
        # Zero_padding to match channels
        if in_channels != out_channels:
            identity = Lambda(pad_backend, arguments={'in_channels':in_channels,'out_channels':out_channels})(identity)
        
        residual = keras.layers.add([residual, identity])
    
    return residual


# define and train a model
inputs = Input(shape=input_shape)
net = Conv2D(8, 3, padding='same', kernel_initializer='he_normal', kernel_regularizer=l2(1e-4))(inputs)
net = residual_shrinkage_block(net, 1, 8, downsample=True)
net = BatchNormalization()(net)
net = Activation('relu')(net)
net = GlobalAveragePooling2D()(net)
outputs = Dense(10, activation='softmax', kernel_initializer='he_normal', kernel_regularizer=l2(1e-4))(net)
model = Model(inputs=inputs, outputs=outputs)
model.compile(loss='categorical_crossentropy', optimizer=Adam(), metrics=['accuracy'])
model.fit(x_train, y_train, batch_size=100, epochs=5, verbose=1, validation_data=(x_test, y_test))

# get results
K.set_learning_phase(0)
DRSN_train_score = model.evaluate(x_train, y_train, batch_size=100, verbose=0)
print('Train loss:', DRSN_train_score[0])
print('Train accuracy:', DRSN_train_score[1])
DRSN_test_score = model.evaluate(x_test, y_test, batch_size=100, verbose=0)
print('Test loss:', DRSN_test_score[0])
print('Test accuracy:', DRSN_test_score[1])

上面是 TFLearn 程序:

#!/usr/bin/env python3
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
Created on Mon Dec 23 21:23:09 2019
Implemented using TensorFlow 1.0 and TFLearn 0.3.2
 
M. Zhao, S. Zhong, X. Fu, B. Tang, M. Pecht, Deep Residual Shrinkage Networks for Fault Diagnosis, 
IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 2019, DOI: 10.1109/TII.2019.2943898
 
@author: super_9527
"""
  
from __future__ import division, print_function, absolute_import
  
import tflearn
import numpy as np
import tensorflow as tf
from tflearn.layers.conv import conv_2d
  
# Data loading
from tflearn.datasets import cifar10
(X, Y), (testX, testY) = cifar10.load_data()
  
# Add noise
X = X + np.random.random((50000, 32, 32, 3))*0.1
testX = testX + np.random.random((10000, 32, 32, 3))*0.1
  
# Transform labels to one-hot format
Y = tflearn.data_utils.to_categorical(Y,10)
testY = tflearn.data_utils.to_categorical(testY,10)
  
def residual_shrinkage_block(incoming, nb_blocks, out_channels, downsample=False,
                   downsample_strides=2, activation='relu', batch_norm=True,
                   bias=True, weights_init='variance_scaling',
                   bias_init='zeros', regularizer='L2', weight_decay=0.0001,
                   trainable=True, restore=True, reuse=False, scope=None,
                   name="ResidualBlock"):
      
    # residual shrinkage blocks with channel-wise thresholds
  
    residual = incoming
    in_channels = incoming.get_shape().as_list()[-1]
  
    # Variable Scope fix for older TF
    try:
        vscope = tf.variable_scope(scope, default_name=name, values=[incoming],
                                   reuse=reuse)
    except Exception:
        vscope = tf.variable_op_scope([incoming], scope, name, reuse=reuse)
  
    with vscope as scope:
        name = scope.name #TODO
  
        for i in range(nb_blocks):
  
            identity = residual
  
            if not downsample:
                downsample_strides = 1
  
            if batch_norm:
                residual = tflearn.batch_normalization(residual)
            residual = tflearn.activation(residual, activation)
            residual = conv_2d(residual, out_channels, 3,
                             downsample_strides, 'same', 'linear',
                             bias, weights_init, bias_init,
                             regularizer, weight_decay, trainable,
                             restore)
  
            if batch_norm:
                residual = tflearn.batch_normalization(residual)
            residual = tflearn.activation(residual, activation)
            residual = conv_2d(residual, out_channels, 3, 1, 'same',
                             'linear', bias, weights_init,
                             bias_init, regularizer, weight_decay,
                             trainable, restore)
              
            # get thresholds and apply thresholding
            abs_mean = tf.reduce_mean(tf.reduce_mean(tf.abs(residual),axis=2,keep_dims=True),axis=1,keep_dims=True)
            scales = tflearn.fully_connected(abs_mean, out_channels//4, activation='linear',regularizer='L2',weight_decay=0.0001,weights_init='variance_scaling')
            scales = tflearn.batch_normalization(scales)
            scales = tflearn.activation(scales, 'relu')
            scales = tflearn.fully_connected(scales, out_channels, activation='linear',regularizer='L2',weight_decay=0.0001,weights_init='variance_scaling')
            scales = tf.expand_dims(tf.expand_dims(scales,axis=1),axis=1)
            thres = tf.multiply(abs_mean,tflearn.activations.sigmoid(scales))
            # soft thresholding
            residual = tf.multiply(tf.sign(residual), tf.maximum(tf.abs(residual)-thres,0))
              
  
            # Downsampling
            if downsample_strides > 1:
                identity = tflearn.avg_pool_2d(identity, 1,
                                               downsample_strides)
  
            # Projection to new dimension
            if in_channels != out_channels:
                if (out_channels - in_channels) % 2 == 0:
                    ch = (out_channels - in_channels)//2
                    identity = tf.pad(identity,
                                      [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [ch, ch]])
                else:
                    ch = (out_channels - in_channels)//2
                    identity = tf.pad(identity,
                                      [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [ch, ch+1]])
                in_channels = out_channels
  
            residual = residual + identity
  
    return residual
  
  
# Real-time data preprocessing
img_prep = tflearn.ImagePreprocessing()
img_prep.add_featurewise_zero_center(per_channel=True)
  
# Real-time data augmentation
img_aug = tflearn.ImageAugmentation()
img_aug.add_random_flip_leftright()
img_aug.add_random_crop([32, 32], padding=4)
  
# Build a Deep Residual Shrinkage Network with 3 blocks
net = tflearn.input_data(shape=[None, 32, 32, 3],
                         data_preprocessing=img_prep,
                         data_augmentation=img_aug)
net = tflearn.conv_2d(net, 16, 3, regularizer='L2', weight_decay=0.0001)
net = residual_shrinkage_block(net, 1, 16)
net = residual_shrinkage_block(net, 1, 32, downsample=True)
net = residual_shrinkage_block(net, 1, 32, downsample=True)
net = tflearn.batch_normalization(net)
net = tflearn.activation(net, 'relu')
net = tflearn.global_avg_pool(net)
# Regression
net = tflearn.fully_connected(net, 10, activation='softmax')
mom = tflearn.Momentum(0.1, lr_decay=0.1, decay_step=20000, staircase=True)
net = tflearn.regression(net, optimizer=mom, loss='categorical_crossentropy')
# Training
model = tflearn.DNN(net, checkpoint_path='model_cifar10',
                    max_checkpoints=10, tensorboard_verbose=0,
                    clip_gradients=0.)
  
model.fit(X, Y, n_epoch=100, snapshot_epoch=False, snapshot_step=500,
          show_metric=True, batch_size=100, shuffle=True, run_id='model_cifar10')
  
training_acc = model.evaluate(X, Y)[0]
validation_acc = model.evaluate(testX, testY)[0]

论文网址

M. Zhao, S. Zhong, X. Fu, et al., Deep residual shrinkage networks for fault diagnosis, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, DOI: 10.1109/TII.2019.2943898

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8850096

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