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后面文章说了,ChannelHandlerContext#write 只是将数据缓存到 ChannelOutboundBuffer,等到 ChannelHandlerContext#flush 时,再将 ChannelOutboundBuffer 缓存的数据写到 Channel 中。
本文分享 Netty 中 ChannelOutboundBuffer 的实现以及 Flush 过程。
源码剖析基于 Netty 4.1
每个 Channel 的 AbstractUnsafe#outboundBuffer 都保护了一个 ChannelOutboundBuffer。
ChannelOutboundBuffer,出站数据缓冲区,负责缓存 ChannelHandlerContext#write的数据。通过链表治理数据,链表节点为外部类 Entry。
关键字段如下
Entry tailEntry; // 链表最初一个节点,新增的节点增加其后。Entry unflushedEntry; // 链表中第一个未刷新的节点
Entry flushedEntry; // 链表中第一个已刷新但数据未写入的节点
int flushed; // 已刷新但数据未写入的节点数
ChannelHandlerContext#flush 操作前,须要先刷新一遍待处理的节点(次要是统计本次 ChannelHandlerContext#flush 操作能够写入多少个节点数据),从 unflushedEntry 开始。刷新实现后应用 flushedEntry 标记第一个待写入的节点,flushed 为待写入节点数。
后面分享 Netty 读写过程的文章说过,AbstractUnsafe#write 解决写操作时,会调用 ChannelOutboundBuffer#addMessage 将数据缓存起来
public void addMessage(Object msg, int size, ChannelPromise promise) {
// #1
Entry entry = Entry.newInstance(msg, size, total(msg), promise);
if (tailEntry == null) {flushedEntry = null;} else {
Entry tail = tailEntry;
tail.next = entry;
}
tailEntry = entry;
if (unflushedEntry == null) {unflushedEntry = entry;}
incrementPendingOutboundBytes(entry.pendingSize, false);
}
#1
构建一个 Entry,留神,这里应用了对象池 RECYCLER,前面有文章具体解析。
次要是更新 tailEntry 和 unflushedEntry#2
如果以后缓存数量超过阀值 WriteBufferWaterMark#high,更新 unwritable 标记为 true,并触发 pipeline.fireChannelWritabilityChanged()
办法。
因为 ChannelOutboundBuffer 链表没有大小限度,一直累积数据可能导致 OOM,
为了防止这个问题,咱们能够在 unwritable 标记为 true 时,不再持续缓存数据。
Netty 只会更新 unwritable 标记,并不阻止数据缓存,咱们能够依据须要实现该性能。示例如下
if (ctx.channel().isActive() && ctx.channel().isWritable()) {ctx.writeAndFlush(responseMessage);
} else {...}
addFlush 办法负责刷新节点(ChannelHandlerContext#flush 操作前调用该办法统计可写入节点数据数)
public void addFlush() {
// #1
Entry entry = unflushedEntry;
if (entry != null) {
// #2
if (flushedEntry == null) {
// there is no flushedEntry yet, so start with the entry
flushedEntry = entry;
}
do {
// #3
flushed ++;
if (!entry.promise.setUncancellable()) {
// Was cancelled so make sure we free up memory and notify about the freed bytes
int pending = entry.cancel();
decrementPendingOutboundBytes(pending, false, true);
}
entry = entry.next;
// #4
} while (entry != null);
// All flushed so reset unflushedEntry
// #5
unflushedEntry = null;
}
}
#1
从 unflushedEntry 节点开始解决 #2
赋值 flushedEntry 为 unflushedEntry。
ChannelHandlerContext#flush 写入实现后会置空 flushedEntry#3
减少 flushed
设置节点的 ChannelPromise 不可勾销#4
从 unflushedEntry 开始,遍历前面节点#5
置空 unflushedEntry,示意以后所有节点都已刷新。
nioBuffers 办法负责将以后缓存的 ByteBuf 转发为(jvm)ByteBuffer
public ByteBuffer[] nioBuffers(int maxCount, long maxBytes) {
assert maxCount > 0;
assert maxBytes > 0;
long nioBufferSize = 0;
int nioBufferCount = 0;
// #1
final InternalThreadLocalMap threadLocalMap = InternalThreadLocalMap.get();
ByteBuffer[] nioBuffers = NIO_BUFFERS.get(threadLocalMap);
Entry entry = flushedEntry;
while (isFlushedEntry(entry) && entry.msg instanceof ByteBuf) {if (!entry.cancelled) {ByteBuf buf = (ByteBuf) entry.msg;
final int readerIndex = buf.readerIndex();
final int readableBytes = buf.writerIndex() - readerIndex;
if (readableBytes > 0) {
// #2
if (maxBytes - readableBytes < nioBufferSize && nioBufferCount != 0) {break;}
nioBufferSize += readableBytes;
// #3
int count = entry.count;
if (count == -1) {
//noinspection ConstantValueVariableUse
entry.count = count = buf.nioBufferCount();}
int neededSpace = min(maxCount, nioBufferCount + count);
if (neededSpace > nioBuffers.length) {nioBuffers = expandNioBufferArray(nioBuffers, neededSpace, nioBufferCount);
NIO_BUFFERS.set(threadLocalMap, nioBuffers);
}
// #4
if (count == 1) {
ByteBuffer nioBuf = entry.buf;
if (nioBuf == null) {
// cache ByteBuffer as it may need to create a new ByteBuffer instance if its a
// derived buffer
entry.buf = nioBuf = buf.internalNioBuffer(readerIndex, readableBytes);
}
nioBuffers[nioBufferCount++] = nioBuf;
} else {...}
if (nioBufferCount == maxCount) {break;}
}
}
entry = entry.next;
}
this.nioBufferCount = nioBufferCount;
this.nioBufferSize = nioBufferSize;
return nioBuffers;
}
#1
从线程缓存中获取 nioBuffers 变量,这样能够防止重复结构 ByteBuffer 数组的性能损耗 #2
maxBytes,即本次操作最大的字节数。maxBytes - readableBytes < nioBufferSize
,示意如果本次操作后将超出 maxBytes,退出#3
buf.nioBufferCount(),获取 ByteBuffer 数量,CompositeByteBuf 可能有多个 ByteBuffer 组成。
neededSpace,即 nioBuffers 数组中 ByteBuffer 数量,nioBuffers 长度不够时须要扩容。#4
buf.internalNioBuffer(readerIndex, readableBytes)
,应用 readerIndex, readableBytes 结构一个 ByteBuffer。
这里波及 ByteBuf 相干常识,前面有文章具体解析。
ChannelHandlerContext#flush 实现后,须要移除对应的缓存节点。
public void removeBytes(long writtenBytes) {for (;;) {
// #1
Object msg = current();
if (!(msg instanceof ByteBuf)) {
assert writtenBytes == 0;
break;
}
final ByteBuf buf = (ByteBuf) msg;
final int readerIndex = buf.readerIndex();
final int readableBytes = buf.writerIndex() - readerIndex;
// #2
if (readableBytes <= writtenBytes) {if (writtenBytes != 0) {progress(readableBytes);
writtenBytes -= readableBytes;
}
remove();} else { // readableBytes > writtenBytes
// #3
if (writtenBytes != 0) {buf.readerIndex(readerIndex + (int) writtenBytes);
progress(writtenBytes);
}
break;
}
}
clearNioBuffers();}
#1
current 办法返回 flushedEntry 节点缓存数据。
后果 null 时,退出循环 #2
以后节点的数据曾经全副写入,
progress 办法唤醒数据节点上 ChannelProgressivePromise 的监听者
writtenBytes 减去对应字节数
remove() 办法移除节点,开释 ByteBuf,flushedEntry 标记后移。#3
以后节点的数据局部写入,它应该是本次 ChannelHandlerContext#flush 操作的最初一个节点
更新 ByteBuf 的 readerIndex,下次从这里开始读取数据。
退出
移除数据节点
public boolean remove() {
Entry e = flushedEntry;
if (e == null) {clearNioBuffers();
return false;
}
Object msg = e.msg;
ChannelPromise promise = e.promise;
int size = e.pendingSize;
// #1
removeEntry(e);
if (!e.cancelled) {
// only release message, notify and decrement if it was not canceled before.
// #2
ReferenceCountUtil.safeRelease(msg);
safeSuccess(promise);
decrementPendingOutboundBytes(size, false, true);
}
// recycle the entry
// #3
e.recycle();
return true;
}
#1
flushed 减 1
当 flushed 为 0 时,flushedEntry 赋值为 null,否则 flushedEntry 指向后一个节点。#2
开释 ByteBuf#3
以后节点返回对象池中,以便复用。
上面来看一下 ChannelHandlerContext#flush 操作过程。
ChannelHandlerContext#flush -> HeadContext#flush -> AbstractUnsafe#flush
public final void flush() {assertEventLoop();
ChannelOutboundBuffer outboundBuffer = this.outboundBuffer;
if (outboundBuffer == null) {return;}
// #1
outboundBuffer.addFlush();
// #2
flush0();}
#1
刷新 outboundBuffer 中数据节点#2
写入操作
flush -> NioSocketChannel#doWrite
protected void doWrite(ChannelOutboundBuffer in) throws Exception {SocketChannel ch = javaChannel();
int writeSpinCount = config().getWriteSpinCount();
do {
// #1
if (in.isEmpty()) {clearOpWrite();
return;
}
// #2
int maxBytesPerGatheringWrite = ((NioSocketChannelConfig) config).getMaxBytesPerGatheringWrite();
ByteBuffer[] nioBuffers = in.nioBuffers(1024, maxBytesPerGatheringWrite);
int nioBufferCnt = in.nioBufferCount();
switch (nioBufferCnt) {
case 0:
// #3
writeSpinCount -= doWrite0(in);
break;
case 1: {
// #4
ByteBuffer buffer = nioBuffers[0];
int attemptedBytes = buffer.remaining();
final int localWrittenBytes = ch.write(buffer);
if (localWrittenBytes <= 0) {
// #5
incompleteWrite(true);
return;
}
adjustMaxBytesPerGatheringWrite(attemptedBytes, localWrittenBytes, maxBytesPerGatheringWrite);
// #6
in.removeBytes(localWrittenBytes);
--writeSpinCount;
break;
}
default: {
// #7
...
}
}
} while (writeSpinCount > 0);
incompleteWrite(writeSpinCount < 0);
}
#1
通过 ChannelOutboundBuffer#flushed 判断是否没有数据能够写,没有数据则革除关注事件 OP_WRITE,间接返回。#2
获取 ChannelOutboundBuffer 中 ByteBuf 保护的(jvm)ByteBuffer,并统计 nioBufferSize,nioBufferCount。#3
这时没有 ByteBuffer,然而可能有其余类型的数据(如 FileRegion 类型),调用 doWrite0 持续解决,这里不再深刻#4
只有一个 ByteBuffer,调用 SocketChannel#write 将数据写入 Channel。#5
如果写入数据数量小于等于 0,阐明数据没有被写出去(可能是因为套接字的缓冲区满了等起因),那么就须要关注该 Channel 上的 OP_WRITE 事件,不便下次 EventLoop 将 Channel 轮询进去的时候,能持续写数据。#6
移除 ChannelOutboundBuffer 缓存数据节点。#7
有多个 ByteBuffer,调用SocketChannel#write(ByteBuffer[] srcs, int offset, int length)
,批量写入,与上一种状况解决相似
回顾之前文章《事件循环机制实现原理》中对 NioEventLoop#processSelectedKey 办法的解析
...
if ((readyOps & SelectionKey.OP_WRITE) != 0) {ch.unsafe().forceFlush();}
这里会调用 forceFlush 办法,再次写入数据。
FlushConsolidationHandler
ChannelHandlerContext#flush 是很低廉的操作,可能触发零碎调用,但数据又不能缓存太久,应用 FlushConsolidationHandler 能够尽量达到写入提早与吞吐量之间的衡量。
FlushConsolidationHandler 中保护了 explicitFlushAfterFlushes 变量,
在 ChannelOutboundHandler#channelRead 中调用 flush,如果调用次数小于 explicitFlushAfterFlushes,会拦挡 flush 操作不执行。
在 channelReadComplete 后调用 flush,则不会拦挡 flush 操作。
本文波及 ByteBuf 组件,它是 Netty 中的内存缓冲区,前面有文章解析。
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