关于linux-kernel:谁动了我的-CPU-频率-CPU-性能之迷-Part-2

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目录:

  • 为何有本文
  • 什么是动静 CPU 频率

    • 什么是 p-state
  • Linux CPU 性能伸缩(CPU performance scaling)

    • CPUFreq Policy(CPU 频率缩放策略)
    • CPUFreq Policy 的 sysfs 文件接口

      • policy 通用属性
    • 通用的 Scaling Governor

      • performance – Scaling Governor
      • powersave – Scaling Governor
    • 非 Intel CPU 的 Frequency Boost Support

      • 非 Intel CPU 的 boost 的 sysfs 文件接口
  • Intel CPU 的 Scaling Driver

    • 操作模式 (Operation Modes)

      • Active Mode

        • Active Mode 且开启 HWP

          • HWP + performance
          • HWP + powersave
        • Active Mode 且禁用 HWP
      • Passive Mode
    • Turbo P-states Support

      • sysfs 中的 no_turbo 属性
    • intel_pstate 的 sysfs 配置
    • Global Attributes
  • 实时监控 CPU 理论频率

    • turbostat
    • cpupower
    • 内核日志

      • HWP 是否开启
  • 动态配置

为何有本文

很多人晓得 CPU 频率会影响 CPU 性能,也晓得频率会动态变化,且晓得 Linux 有 performance/powersave 两种频率控制策略。但很少人晓得背地的软件原理,更少人晓得如何调优策略,和监控理论 CPU 频率。本文想聊聊这些。

如,一个 CPU,有一堆个性,如何充沛正当利用?

个性
Total Cores 20
超线程:Total Threads 40
根底频率:Processor Base Frequency 2.30 GHz
最大超频频率:Max Turbo Frequency 3.50 GHz
动静调频:Enhanced Intel SpeedStep® Technology ✔️
动静调频:Intel® Speed Shift Technology/Hardware p-state(HWP) ✔️
动静睿 (超) 频:Intel® Turbo Boost Technology ✔️
动静睿 (超) 频:Intel® Turbo Boost Max Technology 3.0 ✔️
超线程:Intel® Hyper-Threading Technology ✔️

本文是《CPU 性能之迷》系列的 Part 2。系列列表:

  1. 被误会的 CPU 利用率、超线程、动静调频 —— CPU 性能之迷 Part 1
  2. 谁动了我的 CPU 频率 —— CPU 性能之迷 Part 2(本文)

本系列的写作背景和起因在 Part 1 中介绍过,这里不反复了。

如图片不清,请转到原文:https://blog.mygraphql.com/zh/notes/low-tec/kernel/cpu-frequency/

什么是动静 CPU 频率

以下局部内容参考:CPU Performance Scaling

大多数古代处理器可能在许多不同的时钟频率和电压配置下运行,通常称为 Operating Performance Pointsp-state。一般来说,时钟频率越高,电压越高,CPU 在单位工夫内能够执行的指令越多;但时钟频率越高,电压越高,耗费的电量就越多。因而,CPU 容量(单位工夫内能够执行的指令数)和 CPU 耗费的功率之间存在衡量。

在某些状况下,心愿尽可能快地运行程序,那么应该应用最高可能达到的 p-state。然而,在其余一些状况下,对程序的执行速度没有要求,放弃高频 CPU 会节约电能。因为过热或电源电能容量等起因,物理上也可能无奈长时间放弃最大 CPU 频率。为了涵盖这些状况,有一些硬件接口容许 CPU 在不同的频率 / 电压配置之间切换,在 ACPI 术语中,这些配置叫 p-state

能够由软 / 硬件算法一起来估算所需的 CPU 速度,从而决定将 CPU 置于哪个 p-state。当然,因为零碎的 CPU 利用率会随着工夫而变动,因而必须定期执行算法。在 Linux 中,这种依据需要来调整 CPU 性能的技术称为 CPU 性能伸缩(CPU performance scaling) CPU 频率伸缩(CPU frequency scaling)

什么是 p-state

见本系列的 Part 1:被误会的 CPU 利用率、超线程、动静调频 —— CPU 性能之迷 Part 1 #动静调频

Linux CPU 性能伸缩(CPU performance scaling)

Linux 内核通过 CPUFreq(CPU 频率缩放)子系统反对 CPU 性能缩放,该子系统由三层组成:

  1. 缩放外围(CPUFreq core)

    CPUFreq core 为反对 CPU 性能扩大的所有平台提供 通用代码基础设施 用户空间接口。它定义了其余组件运行的根本框架。

  2. 缩放调控器(scaling governors)

    缩放调控器 (scaling governors) 运行算法来预计所需的 CPU 容量。通常,每个 scaling governors 都实现一个能够参数化的 缩放算法(scaling algorithm)

  3. 缩放驱动程序(scaling drivers)

    scaling drivers与硬件对话。它们为 scaling governors 提供可用的 p-state的信息,并通过应用硬件接口来依据 scaling governors 的申请更改 CPU p-state

原则上,所有可用的 scaling governors 都能够与任意 scaling drivers 组合应用。该设计基于以下假如:在大多数状况下,scaling algorithm对于 p-state的抉择根据能够独立于硬件平台,因而应该能够应用完全相同的 scaling algorithm。无论应用哪种scaling drivers,都应用雷同的算法。因而,同一组scaling governors 应该实用于每个受反对的硬件平台。

然而,这种假如可能不适用于一些硬件特有机制(例如反馈寄存器)的 scaling algorithm,因为该信息通常来自特定的硬件接口,并且可能不容易在形象的平台中示意。出于这个起因,<mark>CPUFreq 容许scaling drivers 绕过 scaling governors 并实现本人的 scaling algorithm</mark>。intel_pstate 这个scaling drivers 就是这样做的。

以下是我画的阐明图:

CPUFreq Policy(CPU 频率缩放策略)

不是每个 CPU 都能够独立配置 p-state。Linux 为每组能够独立配置 p-state 的 CPU 定义一个对象:CPUFreq Policy,对应源码中的struct cpufreq_policy

struct cpufreq_policy:

struct cpufreq_cpuinfo {
    unsigned int        max_freq;
    unsigned int        min_freq;

    /* in 10^(-9) s = nanoseconds */
    unsigned int        transition_latency;
};

struct cpufreq_policy {    
    /* CPUs sharing clock, require sw coordination */
    cpumask_var_t        cpus;    /* Online CPUs only */
    cpumask_var_t        related_cpus; /* Online + Offline CPUs */
    cpumask_var_t        real_cpus; /* Related and present */
    unsigned int        cpu;    /* cpu managing this policy, must be online */
    struct cpufreq_cpuinfo    cpuinfo;/* see above */
    unsigned int        min;    /* in kHz */
    unsigned int        max;    /* in kHz */
    unsigned int        cur;    /* in kHz, only needed if cpufreq
                     * governors are used */
    unsigned int        policy; /* see above */
    struct cpufreq_governor    *governor; /* see below */
    ...

CPUFreq Policy 对象与 CPUscaling driversscaling governorsCPU Scheduler 的关系见下图:

上图是我依照 CPU Performance Scaling – CPU Initialization 一文的文字来画的。想看细节和文字解释的同学能够细看这文章。

CPUFreq Policy 的 sysfs 文件接口

先来举个栗子,看看我的机器的文件目录构造:

user@C5:/sys/devices/system/cpu> ll
total 0
drwxr-xr-x  8 root root    0 Mar 17 07:17 cpu0
drwxr-xr-x  8 root root    0 Mar 17 07:17 cpu1
drwxr-xr-x  8 root root    0 Mar 17 07:17 cpu10
...
drwxr-xr-x  8 root root    0 Mar 17 07:17 cpu78
drwxr-xr-x  8 root root    0 Mar 17 07:17 cpu79
drwxr-xr-x  8 root root    0 Mar 17 07:17 cpu8
drwxr-xr-x  8 root root    0 Mar 17 07:17 cpu9
drwxr-xr-x 82 root root    0 Mar 17 07:17 cpufreq
drwxr-xr-x  2 root root    0 Jun 29 08:56 cpuidle
drwxr-xr-x  2 root root    0 Jun 29 08:56 hotplug
drwxr-xr-x  2 root root    0 Jun 29 08:56 intel_pstate
-r--r--r--  1 root root 4096 Jun 29 08:56 isolated
-r--r--r--  1 root root 4096 Jun 29 08:56 kernel_max
drwxr-xr-x  2 root root    0 Jun 29 08:56 microcode
-r--r--r--  1 root root 4096 Jun 29 08:56 modalias
-r--r--r--  1 root root 4096 Jun 29 08:56 nohz_full
-r--r--r--  1 root root 4096 Jun 29 08:56 offline
-r--r--r--  1 root root 4096 Mar 17 07:17 online
-r--r--r--  1 root root 4096 Jun 29 08:56 possible
drwxr-xr-x  2 root root    0 Jun 29 08:56 power
-r--r--r--  1 root root 4096 Jun 29 08:56 present
drwxr-xr-x  2 root root    0 Jun 29 08:56 smt
-rw-r--r--  1 root root 4096 Mar 17 07:17 uevent
drwxr-xr-x  2 root root    0 Jun 29 08:56 vulnerabilities

这是有两个 socket Intel CPU 的 NUMA 机器,每 socket CPU 有 20 core,每个 core 有 2 个 超线程,共 2 20 2 = 80 个逻辑 CPU。

再看看定义了多少个 CPUFreq Policy

$ ll /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq
total 0
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Mar 17 07:17 policy0
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Mar 17 07:17 policy1
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Mar 17 07:17 policy10
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Mar 17 07:17 policy11
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Mar 17 07:17 policy12
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Mar 17 07:17 policy13
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Mar 17 07:17 policy14
...
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Mar 17 07:17 policy74
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Mar 17 07:17 policy75
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Mar 17 07:17 policy76
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Mar 17 07:17 policy77
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Mar 17 07:17 policy78
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Mar 17 07:17 policy79
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Mar 17 07:17 policy8
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Mar 17 07:17 policy9

再看看 CPUFreq Policy的配置:

user@C5:/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/policy0> ll /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/policy0
total 0
-r--r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Jun 29 09:16 affected_cpus
-r--r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Jun 29 09:16 base_frequency
-r--r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Mar 17 07:18 cpuinfo_max_freq
-r--r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Jun 29 09:16 cpuinfo_min_freq
-r--r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Jun 29 09:16 cpuinfo_transition_latency
-r--r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Jun 29 09:16 energy_performance_available_preferences
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Jun 29 09:16 energy_performance_preference
-r--r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Jun 29 09:16 related_cpus
-r--r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Jun 29 09:16 scaling_available_governors
-r--r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Jun 29 09:16 scaling_cur_freq
-r--r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Jun 29 09:16 scaling_driver
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Mar 17 07:17 scaling_governor
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Jun 29 09:16 scaling_max_freq
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Jun 29 09:16 scaling_min_freq
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Jun 29 09:16 scaling_setspeed

看看 CPUFreq Policy的援用 CPU:

user@C5:/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/policy0> ll /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu0/
total 0
drwxr-xr-x 6 root root    0 Mar 17 07:17 cache
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root    0 Mar 17 07:17 cpufreq -> ../cpufreq/policy0 <<---
-r-------- 1 root root 4096 Jun 29 09:25 crash_notes
-r-------- 1 root root 4096 Jun 29 09:25 crash_notes_size
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root    0 Jun 29 09:25 driver -> ../../../../bus/cpu/drivers/processor
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root    0 Jun 29 09:25 firmware_node -> ../../../xyz
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root    0 Jun 29 09:25 hotplug
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root    0 Jun 29 09:25 microcode
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root    0 Jun 29 09:25 node0 -> ../../node/node0
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root    0 Jun 29 09:25 power
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root    0 Mar 17 07:17 subsystem -> ../../../../bus/cpu
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root    0 Mar 17 07:19 thermal_throttle
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root    0 Mar 17 07:17 topology
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Mar 17 07:17 uevent

参考:Policy Interface in sysfs

在内核的初始化过程中,CPUFreq core/sys/devices/system/cpu/ 下创立了一个名为 cpufreq 的目录。

该目录蕴含一个由“CPUFreq core”保护的每个策略对象的“policyX”子目录(其中“X”代表一个整数)。

每个 policyX 目录都被 /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpuY/ 下的 cpufreq 符号链接指向与给定策略关联。

/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq 中的 policyX 目录每个都蕴含特定于策略的属性(文件),以管制相应策略对象(即与它们关联的所有 CPU)的 CPUFreq 行为)。

其中一些属性是通用的。它们由“CPUFreq core”创立,它们的行为通常不依赖于正在应用的 scaling driver 以及附加到给定策略的 scaling governor。一些scaling driver 还将驱动程序特定的属性增加到 sysfs 中的策略目录,以管制驱动程序的策略特定行为。

policy 通用属性

/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/policyX/ 下的通用属性如下(懒得翻译了):

  • affected_cpus

    List of online CPUs belonging to this policy (i.e. sharing the hardware performance scaling interface represented by the policyX policy object).

  • bios_limit

    If the platform firmware (BIOS) tells the OS to apply an upper limit to CPU frequencies, that limit will be reported through this attribute (if present).

    The existence of the limit may be a result of some (often unintentional) BIOS settings, restrictions coming from a service processor or another BIOS/HW-based mechanisms.

    This does not cover ACPI thermal limitations which can be discovered through a generic thermal driver.

    This attribute is not present if the scaling driver in use does not support it.

  • cpuinfo_cur_freq

    Current frequency of the CPUs belonging to this policy as obtained from the hardware (in KHz).

    This is expected to be the frequency the hardware actually runs at. If that frequency cannot be determined, this attribute should not be present.

  • cpuinfo_max_freq

    Maximum possible operating frequency the CPUs belonging to this policy can run at (in kHz).

  • cpuinfo_min_freq

    Minimum possible operating frequency the CPUs belonging to this policy can run at (in kHz).

  • cpuinfo_transition_latency

    The time it takes to switch the CPUs belonging to this policy from one P-state to another, in nanoseconds.

    If unknown or if known to be so high that the scaling driver does not work with the ondemand governor, -1 (CPUFREQ_ETERNAL) will be returned by reads from this attribute.

  • related_cpus

    List of all (online and offline) CPUs belonging to this policy.

  • scaling_available_governors

    List of CPUFreq scaling governors present in the kernel that can be attached to this policy or (if the intel_pstate scaling driver is in use) list of scaling algorithms provided by the driver that can be applied to this policy.

    [Note that some governors are modular and it may be necessary to load a kernel module for the governor held by it to become available and be listed by this attribute.]

  • scaling_cur_freq

    Current frequency of all of the CPUs belonging to this policy (in kHz).

    In the majority of cases, this is the frequency of the last P-state requested by the scaling driver from the hardware using the scaling interface provided by it, which may or may not reflect the frequency the CPU is actually running at (due to hardware design and other limitations).

    Some architectures (e.g. x86) may attempt to provide information more precisely reflecting the current CPU frequency through this attribute, but that still may not be the exact current CPU frequency as seen by the hardware at the moment.

  • scaling_driver

    The scaling driver currently in use.

  • scaling_governor

    The scaling governor currently attached to this policy or (if the intel_pstate scaling driver is in use) the scaling algorithm provided by the driver that is currently applied to this policy.

    This attribute is read-write and writing to it will cause a new scaling governor to be attached to this policy or a new scaling algorithm provided by the scaling driver to be applied to it (in the intel_pstate case), as indicated by the string written to this attribute (which must be one of the names listed by the scaling_available_governors attribute described above).

  • scaling_max_freq

    Maximum frequency the CPUs belonging to this policy are allowed to be running at (in kHz).

    This attribute is read-write and writing a string representing an integer to it will cause a new limit to be set (it must not be lower than the value of the scaling_min_freq attribute).

  • scaling_min_freq

    Minimum frequency the CPUs belonging to this policy are allowed to be running at (in kHz).

    This attribute is read-write and writing a string representing a non-negative integer to it will cause a new limit to be set (it must not be higher than the value of the scaling_max_freq attribute).

  • scaling_setspeed

    This attribute is functional only if the userspace scaling governor is attached to the given policy.

    It returns the last frequency requested by the governor (in kHz) or can be written to in order to set a new frequency for the policy.

通用的 Scaling Governor

参考:Generic Scaling Governors

借助 sysfs 中的 scaling_governor 策略属性(/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/policyX/scaling_governor),能够随时更改给定CPUFreq Policyscaling governors

一些 scaling governor 公开 sysfs 属性来管制或微调它们实现的缩放算法。这些属性称为 scaling governor 可调参数,能够是全局(零碎范畴)或每个策略独立,具体取决于应用的scaling drivers

  • 如果 scaling drivers 须要每个策略的 scaling governors 可调参数,它们位于每个策略目录的子目录中(/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/policyX)。
  • 否则,它们位于 /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/ 下的子目录中。

在任何一种状况下,蕴含子目录的名称都是提供它们的 scaling governor 的名称。

下面的例子中,因为是 Intel 缩放驱动程序(scaling drivers – intel_pstate),所以没有任何这样的子目录。

performance – Scaling Governor

当附加到策略对象时,此调控器会在 scaling_max_freq 策略限度内为该策略申请最高频率。

powersave – Scaling Governor

当附加到策略对象时,此调控器会导致在 scaling_min_freq 策略限度内为该策略申请最低频率。

非 Intel CPU 的 Frequency Boost Support

参考:Frequency Boost Support

某些处理器反对在某些条件下长期进步多核封装中某些内核的工作频率(并高于整个封装的可继续频率阈值)的机制,例如,如果整个芯片未充分利用并且低于其预期的热或功率估算时开启。

不同的供应商应用不同的名称来指代此性能。对于 Intel CPU,它被称为“Turbo Boost”,AMD 称之为“Turbo-Core”或(在技术文档中)“Core Performance Boost”等等。通常,不同的供应商也以不同的形式实现它。为了简洁起见,这里应用简略的术语“频率晋升(frequency boost)”来指代所有这些实现。

frequency boost机制能够是基于硬件或基于软件的。如果它是基于硬件的(例如在 x86 上),触发升压的决定是由硬件做出的(只管通常它须要将硬件置于能够将 CPU 频率管制在肯定范畴内的非凡状态). 如果它是基于软件的(例如在 ARM 上),则 scaling driver 决定是否触发 boost 以及何时触发。

非 Intel CPU 的 boost 的 sysfs 文件接口

该文件位于 /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/ 下,管制整个零碎的“boost”设置。如果底层scaling driver 不反对频率晋升机制(或反对它,但提供用于管制它的驱动程序特定接口,如 intel\_pstate,则不存在)。

如果该文件中的值为 1,则启用频率晋升机制。这意味着能够将硬件置于可能触发升压的状态(在基于硬件的状况下),或者容许软件触发升压(在基于软件的状况下)。这并不意味着目前在零碎中的任何 CPU 上都理论应用了 boost 性能。它仅意味着容许应用频率晋升机制(因为其余起因可能永远不会应用)。

如果该文件中的值为 0,则频率晋升机制被禁用。

能够写入此文件的值是 0 和 1。

Intel CPU 的 Scaling Driver

intel_pstate 是 Linux 内核 CPU 性能扩大子系统 CPUFreq 的组成部分。它是 Sandy Bridge 和下一代英特尔处理器的Scaling Driver

对于 intel_pstate 反对的处理器,p-state的概念不仅仅是一个 工作频率 或一个 工作性能点 Operating Performance Points。出于这个起因,intel_pstate 应用的 p-state 的示意在外部遵循硬件标准(详细信息请参阅英特尔软件开发人员手册)。然而,CPUFreq core 应用 频率 来辨认 CPU 的 Operating Performance Points,并且频率波及到它所裸露的用户空间接口,因而intel_pstate 也将其 p-state 的外部示意映射到频率(侥幸的是,该映射是准确的)。同时,因为可用频率表的大小限度,intel_pstateCPUFreq core 提供所有可用频率表是不切实际的,因而驱动程序不会这样做。CPUFreq core 的某些性能受此限度。

因为 intel_pstate 应用的硬件 p-state抉择接口在逻辑 CPU 级别可用,因而驱动程序始终与单个 CPU 一起工作。因而,如果 intel_pstate 正在应用中,则每个 CPUFreq 策略对象对应一个逻辑 CPU,并且 CPUFreq 策略实际上等效于 CPU。

intel_pstate 不是模块化的,因而无奈动静卸载,这意味着将晚期配置参数传递给它的惟一办法是通过内核命令行。然而,它的配置能够通过 sysfs 进行调整。

操作模式 (Operation Modes)

intel_pstate 能够在三种不同的模式下运行:

  • 在有硬件治理 p-state 反对的 被动模式 Active Mode
  • 在没有硬件治理 p-state 反对的 被动模式 Active Mode
  • 被动模式 Passive Mode

    它们中的哪一个会失效取决于所应用的内核命令行 (内核启动参数) 选项以及处理器的能力。

Active Mode

这是 intel_pstate 的默认操作模式。如果它在此模式下工作,则所有 CPUFreq 策略的 sysfs 中的 scaling_driver 策略属性蕴含字符串“intel_pstate”。

在此模式下,驱动程序绕过“CPUFreq”的 scaling governor,并为 P-state 抉择提供本人的缩放算法。这些算法能够以与通用scaling governor 雷同的形式利用于“CPUFreq”策略(即,通过“sysfs”中的“scaling_governor”策略属性)。[请留神,能够为不同的策略抉择不同的 p-state 抉择算法,但不倡议这样做。]

它们不是通用的 scaling governor,但它们的名称与其中一些scaling governor 的名称雷同。此外,令人困惑的是,它们的工作形式通常与它们同名的通用 scaling governor 不同。例如,intel_pstate 提供的powersave p-state 抉择算法与通用powersave governor 不同(大抵对应于schedutilondemand 调控器)。

intel_pstate 在流动模式下提供了两种 p-state抉择算法:powersaveperformance。它们的运行形式取决于处理器中是否启用了硬件治理的p-state (HWP) 性能,并且可能取决于处理器型号。

默认应用哪种 p-state抉择算法取决于 CONFIG_CPU_FREQ_DEFAULT_GOV_PERFORMANCE 内核配置选项。即,如果设置了该选项,则默认应用“performance”算法,如果未设置,则默认应用另一种算法。

Active Mode 且开启 HWP

如果处理器反对 HWP(Intel 叫 Intel® Speed Shift Technology ) 性能,它将在处理器初始化期间启用,之后将无奈禁用。能够通过在命令行中将 intel_pstate=no_hwp 参数传递给内核来防止启用它。

如果启用了 HWP 性能,intel_pstate 依附处理器自行抉择 p-state,但它依然能够提醒处理器外部的 p-state 抉择逻辑。这些提醒是什么取决于已将哪种 p-state 抉择算法利用于给定策略(或其对应的 CPU)。

即便处理器主动执行 p-state抉择,intel_pstate 也会在此模式下向 CPU 调度程序注册利用率更新回调。然而,它们不用于运行 p-state抉择算法,而是用于定时更新 sysfs 中的 scaling_cur_freq 以后 CPU 频率信息。

HWP + performance

在此配置中,intel_pstate 会将 0 写入处理器的 Energy-Performance Preference (EPP) 寄存器(如果反对)或它的 Energy-Performance Bias (EPB) 寄存器,这意味着处理器的外部 p-state抉择逻辑是将齐全专一于性能。

这将笼罩来自 sysfs 文件接口的 EPP/EPB 设置。

此外,在此配置中,处理器外部可用的 p-state范畴始终限度在 intel_pstate驱动程序配置的最大 p-state 内。

HWP + powersave

不阐明了,这个生产不罕用。

Active Mode 且禁用 HWP

不阐明了,这个生产不罕用。

Passive Mode

如果在命令行中将 intel_pstate=passive 参数传递给内核,则应用此模式(这也暗示了 intel_pstate=no_hwp 设置)。就像在没有 HWP 反对的流动模式下一样,在这种模式下,“intel_pstate”可能会回绝与给定的处理器一起工作,如果它不能辨认它。

如果驱动程序在此模式下工作,则所有 CPUFreq 策略的 sysfs 中的 scaling_driver 策略属性都蕴含字符串“intel_cpufreq”。而后,驱动程序的行为相似于惯例的 CPUFreq scaling driver。也就是说,当须要与硬件对话以更改 CPU 的 p-state,通用scaling governor 会调用它(特地是,schedutil 调控器能够间接从调度程序上下文中调用它)。

在此模式下,intel_pstate 能够与 sysfs 中的 scaling_available_governors 策略属性列出的所有(通用)scaling governor一起应用(并且不应用上述 p-state抉择算法)。而后,它负责配置与 CPU 对应的策略对象,并为“CPUFreq core”(以及附加到策略对象的缩放调控器)提供无关硬件反对的最大和最小运行频率的精确信息(包含 所谓“Turbo”频率范畴)。换句话说,在被动模式下,整个可用 p-state范畴都由“intel_pstate”裸露给“CPUFreq core”。然而,在这种模式下,驱动程序不会向 CPU 调度程序注册利用率更新回调,并且 scaling_cur_freq 信息来自 CPUFreq 内核(并且是以后 scaling governor 为给定策略抉择的最初一个频率)。

Turbo P-states Support

在大多数状况下,可用于“intel_pstate”的整个 p-state 围能够分为两个子范畴:

  • 高于turbo threshold(阈值)
  • 低于 turbo threshold(阈值)`

高于 turbo 阈值的 p-state 称为“turbo p-state”,它们所属的 p-state的整个子范畴称为“turbo 范畴 ”。这些名称与 Turbo Boost 技术无关,如果有足够的功率并且不会导致处理器过热时,一个或多个内核的 p-state 能够在 turbo p-state 上。

具体来说,如果软件将 CPU 内核的 p-state设置在 turbo 范畴内(即高于 turbo 阈值),则容许处理器接管该内核的性能扩大管制并将其置于其本身的turbo p-state。将来的抉择。然而,不同代的处理器对该权限有不同的解释。也就是说:

  • Sandy Bridge 代处理器永远不会应用高于软件为给定内核设置的最初一个 p-state的任何 p-state,即便它在 turbo 范畴内。
  • 而所有 Sandy Bridge 后的处理器,都将设置任何 turbo p-state 范畴的 p-state,认为许可应用 turbo 的任何 p-state,甚至高于软件设置的 p-state。换句话说,在这些处理器上,设置任何turbo p-state 范畴的 p-state 将使处理器可能将给定的内核置于所有 turbo p-state

    turbo p-state的一个重要个性是它们是不可继续的。更精确地说,不能保障任何 CPU 都可能无限期地放弃在这些状态,因为处理器内的功率和热散布可能会随着工夫而扭转。

反过来,低于 Turbo 阈值的 p-state通常是可继续的。事实上,如果由软件指定了一个低于 Turbo 阈值的 p-state,处理器不会将其更改为更低的,除非在过热或功率限度状况下。

一些处理器容许多个内核同时处于 turbo p-state,但能够为它们设置的最大 p-state通常取决于同时运行的内核数量。

sysfs 中的 no_turbo 属性

sysfs 中的 no_turbo 属性 (/sys/devices/system/cpu/intel_pstate/no_turbo) 能够管制是否禁用 turbo p-state。如果设置为禁用,即 1,则intel_pstate 将不应用 turbo p-state的频率,即,不应用 CPU 的 Intel® Turbo Boost Technology 技术。

intel_pstate 的 sysfs 配置

Global Attributes

intel_pstate exposes several global attributes (files) in sysfs to control its functionality at the system level. They are located in the /sys/devices/system/cpu/intel_pstate/ directory and affect all CPUs.

Some of them are not present if the intel_pstate=per_cpu_perf_limits argument is passed to the kernel in the command line.

  • max_perf_pct

    Maximum P-state the driver is allowed to set in percent of the maximum supported performance level (the highest supported turbo P-state).This attribute will not be exposed if the intel_pstate=per_cpu_perf_limits argument is present in the kernel command line.

  • min_perf_pct

    Minimum P-state the driver is allowed to set in percent of the maximum supported performance level (the highest supported turbo P-state).This attribute will not be exposed if the intel_pstate=per_cpu_perf_limits argument is present in the kernel command line.

  • num_pstates

    Number of P-states supported by the processor (between 0 and 255 inclusive) including both turbo and non-turbo P-states (see Turbo P-states Support).The value of this attribute is not affected by the no_turbo setting described below.This attribute is read-only.

  • turbo_pct

    Ratio of the turbo range size to the size of the entire range of supported P-states, in percent.This attribute is read-only.

  • no_turbo

    If set (equal to 1), the driver is not allowed to set any turbo P-states (see Turbo P-states Support). If unset (equalt to 0, which is the default), turbo P-states can be set by the driver. [Note that intel_pstate does not support the general boost attribute (supported by some other scaling drivers) which is replaced by this one.]This attrubute does not affect the maximum supported frequency value supplied to the CPUFreq core and exposed via the policy interface, but it affects the maximum possible value of per-policy P-state limits (see Interpretation of Policy Attributes below for details).

  • hwp_dynamic_boost

    This attribute is only present if intel_pstate works in the active mode with the HWP feature enabled in the processor. If set (equal to 1), it causes the minimum P-state limit to be increased dynamically for a short time whenever a task previously waiting on I/O is selected to run on a given logical CPU (the purpose of this mechanism is to improve performance).This setting has no effect on logical CPUs whose minimum P-state limit is directly set to the highest non-turbo P-state or above it.

  • status

    Operation mode of the driver: “active”, “passive” or “off”.”active”The driver is functional and in the active mode.”passive”The driver is functional and in the passive mode.”off”The driver is not functional (it is not registered as a scaling driver with the CPUFreq core).This attribute can be written to in order to change the driver’s operation mode or to unregister it. The string written to it must be one of the possible values of it and, if successful, the write will cause the driver to switch over to the operation mode represented by that string – or to be unregistered in the “off” case. [Actually, switching over from the active mode to the passive mode or the other way around causes the driver to be unregistered and registered again with a different set of callbacks, so all of its settings (the global as well as the per-policy ones) are then reset to their default values, possibly depending on the target operation mode.]That only is supported in some configurations, though (for example, if the HWP feature is enabled in the processor, the operation mode of the driver cannot be changed), and if it is not supported in the current configuration, writes to this attribute will fail with an appropriate error.

实时监控 CPU 理论频率

以上是说原理和逻辑。但有运维教训的人也晓得,内核逻辑每个版本都在变,硬件 CPU 也在变,如何做好理论的监控,才是硬道理。

turbostat

$ turbostat

# 列出了 CPU 的流动核数,与 turbo 频率的关系
10 * 100.0 = 1000.0 MHz max efficiency frequency
23 * 100.0 = 2300.0 MHz base frequency
...
29 * 100.0 = 2900.0 MHz max turbo 28 active cores
29 * 100.0 = 2900.0 MHz max turbo 24 active cores
29 * 100.0 = 2900.0 MHz max turbo 20 active cores
31 * 100.0 = 3100.0 MHz max turbo 16 active cores
32 * 100.0 = 3200.0 MHz max turbo 12 active cores
32 * 100.0 = 3200.0 MHz max turbo 8 active cores
33 * 100.0 = 3300.0 MHz max turbo 4 active cores
35 * 100.0 = 3500.0 MHz max turbo 2 active cores

## 列出以后 CPU 频率与热量
Package Core    CPU     Avg_MHz Busy%   Bzy_MHz TSC_MHz IRQ     SMI     CPU%c1  CPU%c6  CoreTmp PkgTmp  PkgWatt RAMWatt PKG_%   RAM_%
-       -       -       166     7.21    2300    2297    354504  0       92.79   0.00    58      60      125.28  0.00    0.00    0.00
0       0       0       261     11.37   2300    2295    5924    0       88.63   0.00    50      51      61.78   0.00    0.00    0.00
0       0       40      278     12.11   2300    2295    3828    0       87.89
0       1       1       341     14.85   2300    2295    4336    0       85.15   0.00    47
0       1       41      153     6.68    2300    2295    4089    0       93.32
0       2       2       126     5.50    2300    2295    4327    0       94.50   0.00    48
0       2       42      207     9.03    2300    2295    3606    0       90.97
0       3       3       102     4.45    2300    2295    4606    0       95.55   0.00    51
0       3       43      128     5.57    2300    2295    4892    0       94.43

cpupower

$ cpupower frequency-info

analyzing CPU 0:
  driver: intel_pstate
  CPUs which run at the same hardware frequency: 0
  CPUs which need to have their frequency coordinated by software: 0
  maximum transition latency:  Cannot determine or is not supported.
  hardware limits: 1000 MHz - 2.30 GHz
  available cpufreq governors: performance powersave
  current policy: frequency should be within 1000 MHz and 2.30 GHz.
                  The governor "performance" may decide which speed to use
                  within this range.
  current CPU frequency: Unable to call hardware
  current CPU frequency: 2.30 GHz (asserted by call to kernel)
  boost state support:
    Supported: no
    Active: no

内核日志

HWP 是否开启

$ sudo less /var/log/boot.msg

<6>[4.222598] intel_pstate: Intel P-state driver initializing
<6>[4.225296] intel_pstate: HWP enabled  <<<<<----

动态配置

/etc/systemd $ sudo grep -R -i power *

logind.conf:#HandlePowerKey=poweroff
logind.conf:#PowerKeyIgnoreInhibited=no

system/multi-user.target.wants/cpupower.service:Description=CPU powersave
system/multi-user.target.wants/cpupower.service:ExecStart=/usr/bin/cpupower frequency-set -g performance

system/cpupower.service:Description=CPU powersave
system/cpupower.service:ExecStart=/usr/bin/cpupower frequency-set -g performance
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