kubernetes v1.18 减少了 HPA v2beta2 的 behavior 字段，能够精细化的管制伸缩的行为。
若不指定 behavior 字段，则按默认的 behavior 行为执行伸缩。
一. 默认 behavior
默认的 behavior:
behavior:
scaleDown:
stabilizationWindowSeconds: 300 // 冷却工夫 =5min
policies:
- type: Percent
value: 100
periodSeconds: 15
scaleUp:
stabilizationWindowSeconds: 0 // 没有冷却工夫
policies:
- type: Percent
value: 100
periodSeconds: 15 // replicas 翻倍扩容
- type: Pods
value: 4
periodSeconds: 15 // replicas 扩容 4 个
selectPolicy: Max // 取最大的策略扩容时，疾速扩容：
- 不思考历史计算值 (stabilizationWindowSeconds=0)，即 reconcile() 发现指标变动时，计算新 replicas 后，立刻执行伸缩；
-
每 15 秒最多容许：
- 正本翻倍(减少 currentReplicas*100% 个正本) 或者 每 15s 新增 4 个正本，两者取 max；
- 即：max(2*currentReplicas, 4)
缩容时，迟缓缩容：
- 缩容后的最终正本数不得 < 过来 5min 的历史最大值(stabilizationWindowSeconds=300)，即冷却工夫 =300s；
- 每 15 秒最多容许：正本缩小 currentReplicas*100% 个正本；
二. demo
扩容，将指标猛增(1–>13)：
- 首先，从 1 正本扩容到 4 正本；
- 而后，从 4 正本扩容到 8 正本；
- 最初，从 8 正本扩容至指标计算的 13 正本；
# kubectl describe hpa
Name: sample-app
Namespace: default
Labels: <none>
Annotations: <none>
Reference: Deployment/sample-app
Metrics: (current / target)
"metric_hpa" on pods: 1 / 1
Min replicas: 1
Max replicas: 15
Deployment pods: 13 current / 13 desired
Conditions:
Type Status Reason Message
---- ------ ------ -------
AbleToScale True ReadyForNewScale recommended size matches current size
ScalingActive True ValidMetricFound the HPA was able to successfully calculate a replica count from pods metric metric_hpa
ScalingLimited False DesiredWithinRange the desired count is within the acceptable range
Events:
Type Reason Age From Message
---- ------ ---- ---- -------
Normal SuccessfulRescale 2m14s horizontal-pod-autoscaler New size: 4; reason: pods metric metric_hpa above target
Normal SuccessfulRescale 119s horizontal-pod-autoscaler New size: 8; reason: pods metric metric_hpa above target
Normal SuccessfulRescale 103s horizontal-pod-autoscaler New size: 13; reason: pods metric metric_hpa above target缩容，将指标猛降(13–>1):
- 5min 后，hpa 间接将 replicas 缩容至 minReplicas=1；
# kubectl describe hpa
Name: sample-app
Namespace: default
Labels: <none>
Annotations: <none>
Reference: Deployment/sample-app
Metrics: (current / target)
"metric_hpa" on pods: 1 / 1
Min replicas: 1
Max replicas: 15
Deployment pods: 1 current / 1 desired
Conditions:
Type Status Reason Message
---- ------ ------ -------
AbleToScale True ReadyForNewScale recommended size matches current size
ScalingActive True ValidMetricFound the HPA was able to successfully calculate a replica count from pods metric metric_hpa
ScalingLimited False DesiredWithinRange the desired count is within the acceptable range
Events:
Type Reason Age From Message
---- ------ ---- ---- -------
Normal SuccessfulRescale 11m horizontal-pod-autoscaler New size: 4; reason: pods metric metric_hpa above target
Normal SuccessfulRescale 11m horizontal-pod-autoscaler New size: 8; reason: pods metric metric_hpa above target
Normal SuccessfulRescale 11m horizontal-pod-autoscaler New size: 13; reason: pods metric metric_hpa above target
Normal SuccessfulRescale 98s horizontal-pod-autoscaler New size: 1; reason: All metrics below target三. 源码剖析
基于 v1.20 源码。
代码入口：
- 输出参数：prenormalizedDesiredReplicas = 依据指标计算的所需 replicas；
- 首先，依据默认的冷却工夫，计算 stabilizedRecommendation 正本数；
- 而后，依据 stabilizedRecommendation 正本数 + 默认的伸缩策略，计算最终的正本数；
// pkg/controller/podautoscaler/horizontal.go
func (a *HorizontalController) normalizeDesiredReplicas(hpa *autoscalingv2.HorizontalPodAutoscaler, key string, currentReplicas int32, prenormalizedDesiredReplicas int32, minReplicas int32) int32 {
// 冷却工夫
stabilizedRecommendation := a.stabilizeRecommendation(key, prenormalizedDesiredReplicas)
...
// 伸缩策略
desiredReplicas, condition, reason := convertDesiredReplicasWithRules(currentReplicas, stabilizedRecommendation, minReplicas, hpa.Spec.MaxReplicas)
...
return desiredReplicas
}先看下冷却工夫：
-
计算 maxRecommendation 的值：
- 初始 =prenormalizedDesiredReplicas，即指标计算的 replicas；
-
遍历历史伸缩记录：
- 若 5min 内有伸缩 && 伸缩 replicas > maxRecommendation，则笼罩 maxRecommendation；
-
根据上述逻辑：
- 扩容时，最近的 oldReplicas < newReplicas，故最终返回值 =prenormalizedDesiredReplicas，即立刻扩容；
- 缩容时，要抉择 max(5min 内 oldReplicas，newReplicas)，因为缩容时 oldReplicas > newReplicas，故要期待 5min 后能力执行缩容；
// pkg/controller/podautoscaler/horizontal.go
func (a *HorizontalController) stabilizeRecommendation(key string, prenormalizedDesiredReplicas int32) int32 {
maxRecommendation := prenormalizedDesiredReplicas
foundOldSample := false
oldSampleIndex := 0
cutoff := time.Now().Add(-a.downscaleStabilisationWindow) // 300s
for i, rec := range a.recommendations[key] {if rec.timestamp.Before(cutoff) {
foundOldSample = true
oldSampleIndex = i
} else if rec.recommendation > maxRecommendation {maxRecommendation = rec.recommendation}
}
if foundOldSample {a.recommendations[key][oldSampleIndex] = timestampedRecommendation{prenormalizedDesiredReplicas, time.Now()}
} else {a.recommendations[key] = append(a.recommendations[key], timestampedRecommendation{prenormalizedDesiredReplicas, time.Now()})
}
return maxRecommendation
}再看下伸缩策略：
-
扩容时，最终正本数 =min(hpaMaxReplicas, max(2*currentReplicas, 4), desiredReplicas)；
- 也就是说，若计算的 desiredReplicas 太大的话，会应用 max(2*currentReplicas, 4)进行限度；
- 缩容时，最终正本数 =max(desiredReplicas, hpaMinReplicas)；
// pkg/controller/podautoscaler/horizontal.go
func convertDesiredReplicasWithRules(currentReplicas, desiredReplicas, hpaMinReplicas, hpaMaxReplicas int32) (int32, string, string) {
var minimumAllowedReplicas int32
var maximumAllowedReplicas int32
var possibleLimitingCondition string
var possibleLimitingReason string
minimumAllowedReplicas = hpaMinReplicas
// Do not upscale too much to prevent incorrect rapid increase of the number of master replicas caused by
// bogus CPU usage report from heapster/kubelet (like in issue #32304).
scaleUpLimit := calculateScaleUpLimit(currentReplicas)
if hpaMaxReplicas > scaleUpLimit {
maximumAllowedReplicas = scaleUpLimit
possibleLimitingCondition = "ScaleUpLimit"
possibleLimitingReason = "the desired replica count is increasing faster than the maximum scale rate"
} else {
maximumAllowedReplicas = hpaMaxReplicas
possibleLimitingCondition = "TooManyReplicas"
possibleLimitingReason = "the desired replica count is more than the maximum replica count"
}
if desiredReplicas < minimumAllowedReplicas {
possibleLimitingCondition = "TooFewReplicas"
possibleLimitingReason = "the desired replica count is less than the minimum replica count"
return minimumAllowedReplicas, possibleLimitingCondition, possibleLimitingReason
} else if desiredReplicas > maximumAllowedReplicas {return maximumAllowedReplicas, possibleLimitingCondition, possibleLimitingReason}
return desiredReplicas, "DesiredWithinRange", "the desired count is within the acceptable range"
}func calculateScaleUpLimit(currentReplicas int32) int32 {return int32(math.Max(scaleUpLimitFactor*float64(currentReplicas), scaleUpLimitMinimum)) // scaleUpLimitFactor=2, scaleUpLimitMinimum=4
}参考：
1.https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/245208287