大家好,我是张晋涛。
之前我写了一篇《更优雅的 Kubernetes 集群事件度量计划》,利用 Jaeger 利用 tracing 的形式来采集 Kubernetes 集群中的 events 并进行展现。最终成果如下:
写那篇文章的时候,立了个 flag 要具体介绍下其中的原理,鸽了很久,当初年底了,也该收回来了。
Eents 概览
咱们先来做个简略的示例,来看看 Kubernetes 集群中的 events 是什么。
创立一个新的名叫 moelove 的 namespace ,而后在其中创立一个叫做 redis 的 deployment。接下来查看这个 namespace 中的所有 events。
(MoeLove) ➜ kubectl create ns moelove
namespace/moelove created
(MoeLove) ➜ kubectl -n moelove create deployment redis --image=ghcr.io/moelove/redis:alpine
deployment.apps/redis created
(MoeLove) ➜ kubectl -n moelove get deploy
NAME READY UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE AGE
redis 1/1 1 1 11s
(MoeLove) ➜ kubectl -n moelove get events
LAST SEEN TYPE REASON OBJECT MESSAGE
21s Normal Scheduled pod/redis-687967dbc5-27vmr Successfully assigned moelove/redis-687967dbc5-27vmr to kind-worker3
21s Normal Pulling pod/redis-687967dbc5-27vmr Pulling image "ghcr.io/moelove/redis:alpine"
15s Normal Pulled pod/redis-687967dbc5-27vmr Successfully pulled image "ghcr.io/moelove/redis:alpine" in 6.814310968s
14s Normal Created pod/redis-687967dbc5-27vmr Created container redis
14s Normal Started pod/redis-687967dbc5-27vmr Started container redis
22s Normal SuccessfulCreate replicaset/redis-687967dbc5 Created pod: redis-687967dbc5-27vmr
22s Normal ScalingReplicaSet deployment/redis Scaled up replica set redis-687967dbc5 to 1
然而咱们会发现默认状况下 kubectl get events
并没有依照 events 产生的程序进行排列,所以咱们往往须要为其减少 --sort-by='{.metadata.creationTimestamp}'
参数来让其输入能够按工夫进行排列。
这也是为何 Kubernetes v1.23 版本中会新增 kubectl alpha events
命令的起因。我在之前的文章《K8S 生态周报| Kubernetes v1.23.0 正式公布,新个性一览》中已进行了具体的介绍,这里就不开展了。
按工夫排序后能够看到如下后果:
(MoeLove) ➜ kubectl -n moelove get events --sort-by='{.metadata.creationTimestamp}'
LAST SEEN TYPE REASON OBJECT MESSAGE
2m12s Normal Scheduled pod/redis-687967dbc5-27vmr Successfully assigned moelove/redis-687967dbc5-27vmr to kind-worker3
2m13s Normal SuccessfulCreate replicaset/redis-687967dbc5 Created pod: redis-687967dbc5-27vmr
2m13s Normal ScalingReplicaSet deployment/redis Scaled up replica set redis-687967dbc5 to 1
2m12s Normal Pulling pod/redis-687967dbc5-27vmr Pulling image "ghcr.io/moelove/redis:alpine"
2m6s Normal Pulled pod/redis-687967dbc5-27vmr Successfully pulled image "ghcr.io/moelove/redis:alpine" in 6.814310968s
2m5s Normal Created pod/redis-687967dbc5-27vmr Created container redis
2m5s Normal Started pod/redis-687967dbc5-27vmr Started container redis
通过以上的操作,咱们能够发现 events 实际上是 Kubernetes 集群中的一种资源。当 Kubernetes 集群中资源状态发生变化时,能够产生新的 events。
深刻 Events
单个 Event 对象
既然 events 是 Kubernetes 集群中的一种资源,失常状况下它的 metadata.name 中应该蕴含其名称,用于进行独自操作。所以咱们能够应用如下命令输入其 name :
(MoeLove) ➜ kubectl -n moelove get events --sort-by='{.metadata.creationTimestamp}' -o jsonpath='{range .items[*]}{.metadata.name}{"\n"}{end}'
redis-687967dbc5-27vmr.16c4fb7bde8c69d2
redis-687967dbc5.16c4fb7bde6b54c4
redis.16c4fb7bde1bf769
redis-687967dbc5-27vmr.16c4fb7bf8a0ab35
redis-687967dbc5-27vmr.16c4fb7d8ecaeff8
redis-687967dbc5-27vmr.16c4fb7d99709da9
redis-687967dbc5-27vmr.16c4fb7d9be30c06
抉择其中的任意一条 event 记录,将其输入为 YAML 格局进行查看:
(MoeLove) ➜ kubectl -n moelove get events redis-687967dbc5-27vmr.16c4fb7bde8c69d2 -o yaml
action: Binding
apiVersion: v1
eventTime: "2021-12-28T19:31:13.702987Z"
firstTimestamp: null
involvedObject:
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
name: redis-687967dbc5-27vmr
namespace: moelove
resourceVersion: "330230"
uid: 71b97182-5593-47b2-88cc-b3f59618c7aa
kind: Event
lastTimestamp: null
message: Successfully assigned moelove/redis-687967dbc5-27vmr to kind-worker3
metadata:
creationTimestamp: "2021-12-28T19:31:13Z"
name: redis-687967dbc5-27vmr.16c4fb7bde8c69d2
namespace: moelove
resourceVersion: "330235"
uid: e5c03126-33b9-4559-9585-5e82adcd96b0
reason: Scheduled
reportingComponent: default-scheduler
reportingInstance: default-scheduler-kind-control-plane
source: {}
type: Normal
能够看到其中蕴含了很多信息, 这里咱们先不开展。咱们看另一个例子。
kubectl describe
中的 Events
咱们能够别离对 Deployment 对象和 Pod 对象执行 describe
的操作,能够失去如下后果(省略掉了两头输入):
- 对 Deployment 操作
(MoeLove) ➜ kubectl -n moelove describe deploy/redis
Name: redis
Namespace: moelove
...
Events:
Type Reason Age From Message
---- ------ ---- ---- -------
Normal ScalingReplicaSet 15m deployment-controller Scaled up replica set redis-687967dbc5 to 1
- 对 Pod 操作
(MoeLove) ➜ kubectl -n moelove describe pods redis-687967dbc5-27vmr
Name: redis-687967dbc5-27vmr
Namespace: moelove
Priority: 0
Events:
Type Reason Age From Message
---- ------ ---- ---- -------
Normal Scheduled 18m default-scheduler Successfully assigned moelove/redis-687967dbc5-27vmr to kind-worker3
Normal Pulling 18m kubelet Pulling image "ghcr.io/moelove/redis:alpine"
Normal Pulled 17m kubelet Successfully pulled image "ghcr.io/moelove/redis:alpine" in 6.814310968s
Normal Created 17m kubelet Created container redis
Normal Started 17m kubelet Started container redis
咱们能够发现 对不同的资源对象进行 describe 的时候,能看到的 events 内容都是与本人有间接关联的。在 describe Deployment 的时候,看不到 Pod 相干的 Events 。
这阐明, Event 对象中是蕴含它所形容的资源对象的信息的,它们是有间接分割的。
联合后面咱们看到的单个 Event 对象,咱们发现 involvedObject
字段中内容就是与该 Event 相关联的资源对象的信息。
更进一步理解 Events
咱们来看看如下的示例,创立一个 Deployment ,然而应用一个不存在的镜像:
(MoeLove) ➜ kubectl -n moelove create deployment non-exist --image=ghcr.io/moelove/non-exist
deployment.apps/non-exist created
(MoeLove) ➜ kubectl -n moelove get pods
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
non-exist-d9ddbdd84-tnrhd 0/1 ErrImagePull 0 11s
redis-687967dbc5-27vmr 1/1 Running 0 26m
咱们能够看到以后的 Pod 处于一个 ErrImagePull
的状态。查看以后 namespace 中的 events (我省略掉了之前 deploy/redis 的记录)
(MoeLove) ➜ kubectl -n moelove get events --sort-by='{.metadata.creationTimestamp}'
LAST SEEN TYPE REASON OBJECT MESSAGE
35s Normal SuccessfulCreate replicaset/non-exist-d9ddbdd84 Created pod: non-exist-d9ddbdd84-tnrhd
35s Normal ScalingReplicaSet deployment/non-exist Scaled up replica set non-exist-d9ddbdd84 to 1
35s Normal Scheduled pod/non-exist-d9ddbdd84-tnrhd Successfully assigned moelove/non-exist-d9ddbdd84-tnrhd to kind-worker3
17s Warning Failed pod/non-exist-d9ddbdd84-tnrhd Error: ErrImagePull
17s Warning Failed pod/non-exist-d9ddbdd84-tnrhd Failed to pull image "ghcr.io/moelove/non-exist": rpc error: code = Unknown desc = failed to pull and unpack image "ghcr.io/moelove/non-exist:latest": failed to resolve reference "ghcr.io/moelove/non-exist:latest": failed to authorize: failed to fetch anonymous token: unexpected status: 403 Forbidden
18s Normal Pulling pod/non-exist-d9ddbdd84-tnrhd Pulling image "ghcr.io/moelove/non-exist"
4s Warning Failed pod/non-exist-d9ddbdd84-tnrhd Error: ImagePullBackOff
4s Normal BackOff pod/non-exist-d9ddbdd84-tnrhd Back-off pulling image "ghcr.io/moelove/non-exist"
对这个 Pod 执行 describe
操作:
(MoeLove) ➜ kubectl -n moelove describe pods non-exist-d9ddbdd84-tnrhd
...
Events:
Type Reason Age From Message
---- ------ ---- ---- -------
Normal Scheduled 4m default-scheduler Successfully assigned moelove/non-exist-d9ddbdd84-tnrhd to kind-worker3
Normal Pulling 2m22s (x4 over 3m59s) kubelet Pulling image "ghcr.io/moelove/non-exist"
Warning Failed 2m21s (x4 over 3m59s) kubelet Failed to pull image "ghcr.io/moelove/non-exist": rpc error: code = Unknown desc = failed to pull and unpack image "ghcr.io/moelove/non-exist:latest": failed to resolve reference "ghcr.io/moelove/non-exist:latest": failed to authorize: failed to fetch anonymous token: unexpected status: 403 Forbidden
Warning Failed 2m21s (x4 over 3m59s) kubelet Error: ErrImagePull
Warning Failed 2m9s (x6 over 3m58s) kubelet Error: ImagePullBackOff
Normal BackOff 115s (x7 over 3m58s) kubelet Back-off pulling image "ghcr.io/moelove/non-exist"
咱们能够发现,这里的输入和之前正确运行 Pod 的不一样。最次要的区别在与 Age
列。这里咱们看到了相似 115s (x7 over 3m58s)
这样的输入。
它的含意示意: 该类型的 event 在 3m58s 中曾经产生了 7 次,最近的一次产生在 115s 之前
然而当咱们去间接 kubectl get events
的时候,咱们并没有看到有 7 次反复的 event 。这阐明 Kubernetes 会主动将反复的 events 进行合并。
抉择最初一条 Events (办法后面内容曾经讲了) 并将其内容应用 YAML 格局进行输入:
(MoeLove) ➜ kubectl -n moelove get events non-exist-d9ddbdd84-tnrhd.16c4fce570cfba46 -o yaml
apiVersion: v1
count: 43
eventTime: null
firstTimestamp: "2021-12-28T19:57:06Z"
involvedObject:
apiVersion: v1
fieldPath: spec.containers{non-exist}
kind: Pod
name: non-exist-d9ddbdd84-tnrhd
namespace: moelove
resourceVersion: "333366"
uid: 33045163-146e-4282-b559-fec19a189a10
kind: Event
lastTimestamp: "2021-12-28T18:07:14Z"
message: Back-off pulling image "ghcr.io/moelove/non-exist"
metadata:
creationTimestamp: "2021-12-28T19:57:06Z"
name: non-exist-d9ddbdd84-tnrhd.16c4fce570cfba46
namespace: moelove
resourceVersion: "334638"
uid: 60708be0-23b9-481b-a290-dd208fed6d47
reason: BackOff
reportingComponent: ""
reportingInstance: ""
source:
component: kubelet
host: kind-worker3
type: Normal
这里咱们能够看到其字段中包含一个 count
字段,示意同类 event 产生了多少次。以及 firstTimestamp
和 lastTimestamp
别离示意了这个 event 首次呈现了最近一次呈现的工夫。这样也就解释了后面的输入中 events 继续的周期了。
彻底搞懂 Events
以下内容是从 Events 中轻易抉择的一条,咱们能够看到它蕴含的一些字段信息:
apiVersion: v1
count: 1
eventTime: null
firstTimestamp: "2021-12-28T19:31:13Z"
involvedObject:
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: ReplicaSet
name: redis-687967dbc5
namespace: moelove
resourceVersion: "330227"
uid: 11e98a9d-9062-4ccb-92cb-f51cc74d4c1d
kind: Event
lastTimestamp: "2021-12-28T19:31:13Z"
message: 'Created pod: redis-687967dbc5-27vmr'
metadata:
creationTimestamp: "2021-12-28T19:31:13Z"
name: redis-687967dbc5.16c4fb7bde6b54c4
namespace: moelove
resourceVersion: "330231"
uid: 8e37ec1e-b3a1-420c-96d4-3b3b2995c300
reason: SuccessfulCreate
reportingComponent: ""
reportingInstance: ""
source:
component: replicaset-controller
type: Normal
其中次要字段的含意如下:
- count: 示意以后同类的事件产生了多少次 (后面曾经介绍)
- involvedObject: 与此 event 有间接关联的资源对象 (后面曾经介绍) , 构造如下:
type ObjectReference struct {
Kind string
Namespace string
Name string
UID types.UID
APIVersion string
ResourceVersion string
FieldPath string
}
- source: 间接关联的组件, 构造如下:
type EventSource struct {
Component string
Host string
}
- reason: 简略的总结(或者一个固定的代码),比拟适宜用于做筛选条件,次要是为了让机器可读,以后有超过 50 种这样的代码;
- message: 给一个更易让人读懂的具体阐明
- type: 以后只有
Normal
和Warning
两种类型, 源码中也别离写了其含意:
// staging/src/k8s.io/api/core/v1/types.go
const (
// Information only and will not cause any problems
EventTypeNormal string = "Normal"
// These events are to warn that something might go wrong
EventTypeWarning string = "Warning"
)
所以,当咱们将这些 Events 都作为 tracing 的 span 采集回来后,就能够依照其 source
进行分类,按 involvedObject
进行关联,按工夫进行排序了。
总结
在这篇文章中,我次要通过两个示例,一个正确部署的 Deploy,以及一个应用不存在镜像部署的 Deploy,深刻的介绍了 Events 对象的理论的作用及其各个字段的含意。
对于 Kubernetes 而言,Events 中蕴含了很多有用的信息,然而这些信息却并不会对 Kubernetes 造成什么影响,它们也并不是理论的 Kubernetes 的日志。默认状况下 Kubernetes 中的日志在 1 小时后就会被清理掉,以便开释对 etcd 的资源占用。
所以为了能更好的让集群管理员晓得产生了什么,在生产环境中,咱们通常会把 Kubernetes 集群的 events 也给采集回来。我集体比拟举荐的工具是: https://github.com/opsgenie/k…
当然你也能够依照我之前的文章 《更优雅的 Kubernetes 集群事件度量计划》,利用 Jaeger 利用 tracing 的形式来采集 Kubernetes 集群中的 events 并进行展现。
欢送订阅我的文章公众号【MoeLove】
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