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关于java:JAVA里的锁之四读写锁

很多场景下读是多于写的,咱们通过将读写锁拆散能够很大水平进步性能。
ReadWriteLock

public interface ReadWriteLock {Lock readLock();
    Lock writeLock();}

ReadWriteLock 接口只定义了读锁和写锁两个办法,ReentrantReadWriteLock 对其进行了实现,咱们重点看下 ReentrantReadWriteLock 这个类。
ReentrantReadWriteLock 里重要属性

    /** Inner class providing readlock */
    private final ReentrantReadWriteLock.ReadLock readerLock;
    /** Inner class providing writelock */
    private final ReentrantReadWriteLock.WriteLock writerLock;
    /** Performs all synchronization mechanics */
    final Sync sync;

ReentrantReadWriteLock 里重要外部类

    // 同步器
    abstract static class Sync extends AbstractQueuedSynchronizer {...}
    // 非偏心同步器
    static final class NonfairSync extends Sync{...}
    // 偏心同步器
    static final class FairSync extends Sync{...}
    // 读锁,持有同步器 Sync
    public static class ReadLock implements Lock, java.io.Serializable{
        private final Sync sync;
        ...
    }
    // 写锁,持有同步器 Sync
    public static class WriteLock implements Lock, java.io.Serializable{
        private final Sync sync;
        ...
    }

读写状态的设计

与读写状态相关联的有

  • Sync 外部类里与的相干属性与办法:
        static final int SHARED_SHIFT   = 16;
        static final int SHARED_UNIT    = (1 << SHARED_SHIFT);//65536
        static final int MAX_COUNT      = (1 << SHARED_SHIFT) - 1;//65535, 对应十六进制里的 0000FFFF
        static final int EXCLUSIVE_MASK = (1 << SHARED_SHIFT) - 1;//65535

        /** 读锁获取的次数  */
        static int sharedCount(int c)    {return c >>> SHARED_SHIFT;}
        /** 写锁获取的次数  */
        static int exclusiveCount(int c) {return c & EXCLUSIVE_MASK;}
  • AbstractQueuedSynchronizer 类里的 private volatile int state;

AQS 就是在一个整型变量上保护了读写两种状态,高 16 位示意读,低 16 位示意写。通过位运算能够晓得一个线程获取读写锁的次数,读锁获取次数就是下面 sharedCount 办法计算的 c >>> SHARED_SHIFT,而写锁获取次数就是 exclusiveCount 办法计算的 c & EXCLUSIVE_MASK(将十六位抹去)。写锁状态减少 1 次为 state+1,读状态减少 1 次为 state+(1<<16)。当 state 不等于 0,当写状态 c & EXCLUSIVE_MASK 等于 0,读状态 c >>> SHARED_SHIFT 大于 0 时,示意读锁被获取。

构造方法
能够结构偏心与非偏心两种锁,默认为非偏心。

public ReentrantReadWriteLock() {this(false);
}
public ReentrantReadWriteLock(boolean fair) {sync = fair ? new FairSync() : new NonfairSync();
    readerLock = new ReadLock(this);
    writerLock = new WriteLock(this);
}

读锁获取的实现
读锁是一个反对重入的共享锁,可能同时被多个线程获取,获取读锁次要是依照共享模式来获取锁的,大体流程差不多,tryAcquireShared 略有差别。

        /**
         * private ReadWriteLock readWriteLock = new ReentrantReadWriteLock();
         * private Lock readLock = readWriteLock.readLock();
         * readLock.lock();
         */

        public void lock() {sync.acquireShared(1);
        }

        public final void acquireShared(int arg) {
            // 胜利为 1,失败为 -1
            if (tryAcquireShared(arg) < 0)
                doAcquireShared(arg);
        }
        protected final int tryAcquireShared(int unused) {Thread current = Thread.currentThread();
            int c = getState();
            // 其它线程获取了写锁,须要退出期待队列
            if (exclusiveCount(c) != 0 &&
                getExclusiveOwnerThread() != current)
                return -1;
            int r = sharedCount(c);// 读锁获取次数
            // 以后读状态获取不需阻塞且获取次数小于 65535,则 CAS 批改状态获取读锁
            if (!readerShouldBlock() &&
                r < MAX_COUNT &&
                compareAndSetState(c, c + SHARED_UNIT)) {if (r == 0) {
                    firstReader = current;
                    firstReaderHoldCount = 1;
                } else if (firstReader == current) {
                    // 第一个获取读锁线程与以后线程雷同,则读锁线程持有器累加
                    firstReaderHoldCount++;
                } else {
                    // 其它线程获取的读锁,应用其它线程的 threadlocal 累加获取次数
                    HoldCounter rh = cachedHoldCounter;
                    if (rh == null || rh.tid != getThreadId(current))
                        cachedHoldCounter = rh = readHolds.get();
                    else if (rh.count == 0)
                        readHolds.set(rh);
                    rh.count++;
                }
                return 1;
            }
            // 以后线程获取读锁须要被阻塞;获取次数超次;CAS 失败 这三种状况会
            // 进入到 fullTryAcquireShared 办法从新获取一次读锁
            return fullTryAcquireShared(current);
        }

对于 readerShouldBlock()办法在偏心锁与非偏心锁有不同的实现,返回 true(示意须要阻塞)。

  • 偏心锁下须要阻塞:头节点的下一节点对应的线程不是以后线程,阐明曾经早有其它线程在排队了,依照 FIFO 的程序,以后线程须要排队以示公平。这个能够防止饥饿。
  • 非偏心锁下须要阻塞:写状态已被获取,且头节点下一节点对应的排队线程是要获取写锁,那以后线程也得排队。

读锁开释的实现

        /**
         * private ReadWriteLock readWriteLock = new ReentrantReadWriteLock();
         * private Lock readLock = readWriteLock.readLock();
         * readLock.unlock();
         */
        public void unlock() {sync.releaseShared(1);
        }
        public final boolean releaseShared(int arg) {if (tryReleaseShared(arg)) {doReleaseShared();
                return true;
            }
            return false;
        }
        protected final boolean tryReleaseShared(int unused) {Thread current = Thread.currentThread();
            // 上面的判断是已获取读锁线程是否以后线程,后果都将获取次数递加
            if (firstReader == current) {
                // assert firstReaderHoldCount > 0;
                if (firstReaderHoldCount == 1)
                    firstReader = null;
                else
                    firstReaderHoldCount--;
            } else {
                HoldCounter rh = cachedHoldCounter;
                if (rh == null || rh.tid != getThreadId(current))
                    rh = readHolds.get();
                int count = rh.count;
                if (count <= 1) {readHolds.remove();
                    if (count <= 0)
                        // 线程没锁却去开释,须要抛异样
                        throw unmatchedUnlockException();}
                --rh.count;
            }
            for (;;) {int c = getState();
                int nextc = c - SHARED_UNIT;
                //CAS 批改读数状态,只有所有读锁都开释了 (为 0) 才返回 true
                // 返回 true 才会唤醒后继节点
                if (compareAndSetState(c, nextc))
                    // Releasing the read lock has no effect on readers,
                    // but it may allow waiting writers to proceed if
                    // both read and write locks are now free.
                    return nextc == 0;
            }
        }

    private void doReleaseShared() {for (;;) {
            Node h = head;
            // 同步队列不为空
            if (h != null && h != tail) {
                int ws = h.waitStatus;
                // 判断后续节点是否须要唤醒
                if (ws == Node.SIGNAL) {if (!compareAndSetWaitStatus(h, Node.SIGNAL, 0))
                        continue;            
                    unparkSuccessor(h);// 唤醒
                }
                else if (ws == 0 &&
                         !compareAndSetWaitStatus(h, 0, Node.PROPAGATE))
                    continue;                
            }
            if (h == head)                   
                break;
        }
    }

好了,下面写了读锁的获取与开释,这里进行下总结:
读锁的获取:

尝试应用 tryAcquireShared 进行读锁获取

  • 胜利则执行业务逻辑;
  • 失败:

    1. 如果其它线程获取了写锁,返回失败。
    2. 如果是偏心锁且排在后面的线程是其它线程,因为不能插队,返回失败;如果是非偏心锁且排在后面的线程是想获取写锁,因为写锁的排它性,也返回失败。
    3. 获取次数超过 65535,返回失败。
    4. CAS 设置状态没胜利,返回失败。
    5. 在 fullTryAcquireShared()再次获取锁,如果不胜利,返回失败。
    6. 下面几步都没胜利的话,在 doAcquireShared 还会进行获取,如果没胜利,退出到期待队列里。

读锁的开释:

  1. 计数器减。
  2. CAS 设置状态。
  3. 唤醒后继节点。

写锁的获取
写锁是一个反对重进入的排它锁。如果以后线程曾经获取了写锁,则减少写状态。如果以后线程在获取写锁时,读锁曾经获取或者是其它线程获取的写锁,则以后线程进入期待状态。

        /**
         * private ReadWriteLock readWriteLock = new ReentrantReadWriteLock();
         * private Lock writeLock = readWriteLock.writeLock();
         * writeLock.lock();
         */
        public void lock() {sync.acquire(1);
        }
        public final void acquire(int arg) {if (!tryAcquire(arg) &&
                acquireQueued(addWaiter(Node.EXCLUSIVE), arg))
                selfInterrupt();}
        protected final boolean tryAcquire(int acquires) {
            /*
             * Walkthrough:
             * 1. If read count nonzero or write count nonzero
             *    and owner is a different thread, fail.
             * 2. If count would saturate, fail. (This can only
             *    happen if count is already nonzero.)
             * 3. Otherwise, this thread is eligible for lock if
             *    it is either a reentrant acquire or
             *    queue policy allows it. If so, update state
             *    and set owner.
             */
            Thread current = Thread.currentThread();
            int c = getState();// 锁状态
            int w = exclusiveCount(c);// 写锁获取次数
            if (c != 0) {// 有线程获取了锁,可能是读锁也可能是写锁
                // (Note: if c != 0 and w == 0 then shared count != 0)
                // 有线程获取了读锁,或以后线程不是获取写锁的线程,返回失败
                if (w == 0 || current != getExclusiveOwnerThread())
                    return false;
                if (w + exclusiveCount(acquires) > MAX_COUNT)// 超次
                    throw new Error("Maximum lock count exceeded");
                // Reentrant acquire 其它情景则视为获取写锁胜利
                setState(c + acquires);
                return true;
            }
            // 尝试获取写锁的线程是否须要阻塞,也分偏心与非偏心两种实现:// 偏心:判断是否有前驱节点(没判断是获取读锁还是写锁),有的话本人就须要阻塞排队,返回 false
            // 非偏心:总是返回 false
            if (writerShouldBlock() ||
                !compareAndSetState(c, c + acquires))
                return false;
            setExclusiveOwnerThread(current);
            return true;
        }

写锁的开释

        /**
         * private ReadWriteLock readWriteLock = new ReentrantReadWriteLock();
         * private Lock writeLock = readWriteLock.writeLock();
         * writeLock.unlock();
         */

        public void unlock() {sync.release(1);
        }
        public final boolean release(int arg) {if (tryRelease(arg)) {
                Node h = head;
                if (h != null && h.waitStatus != 0)
                        unparkSuccessor(h);// 唤醒后继节点
                return true;
            }
            return false;
        }

        protected final boolean tryRelease(int releases) {if (!isHeldExclusively())// 获取写锁的线程是否是以后线程,不是抛异样
                throw new IllegalMonitorStateException();
            int nextc = getState() - releases;
            boolean free = exclusiveCount(nextc) == 0;
            if (free)
                setExclusiveOwnerThread(null);// 将获取写锁的线程设置为 null
            setState(nextc);
            return free;
        }

StampedLock
https://www.cnblogs.com/admol…
https://segmentfault.com/a/11…

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