关于后端:COMP26020-haskell代码解析

Lab Exercises for COMP26020 Part 2:
Functional Programming in Haskell
The deadline for this lab is 6pm (UK time) on
10/12/2021.
This lab has three exercises, for a total of ten marks. The first two exercises
together are worth eight marks, and I advise all students to focus exclusively
on these exercises. Seven marks are given based on automated testing, and one
is reserved for human judgement by the marker. These exercises are described
in Section 1 below.
If you are certain that your solutions are completely correct you might like to
look at Section 2 below, which describes a challenge exercise worth two marks.
It is designed to be extremely difficult, and is not a practical way of gaining
marks!
1 Simple Quadtrees
This lab exercise concerns as data structure called a‘quadtree’which can be
used to represent an image. There are sophisticated versions of the quadtree
data structure, but for the purposes of the lab we will use a very simple version
of the idea.
Suppose we want to represent a square, black and white bitmap image which
is 2n by 2n pixels. The usual way to do this is as a 2n by 2n grid of bits, but
this can be wasteful if there are large monochrome areas.
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In that case, a simple optimization is to think of the image as split into four
sub-images:
• One consisting of the pixels with co-ordinates less than or equal to those
of the middle pixel on both axes of the image,
• one consisting of the pixels with co-ordinates less than or equal to those
of the middle pixel on the first axis but greater than those of the middle
pixel on the second axis,
• one consisting of the pixels with co-ordinates greater than those of the
middle pixel on the first axis but less than or equal to those of the middle
pixel on the second axis, and
• one consisting of the pixels with co-ordinates greater than those of the
middle pixel on both axes.
To fix our terminology, we call the first of these the“first quadrant”.1
If the
sub-image is all one colour, we can represent this by one bit of information.
But if it contains different colours, we can subdivide again, and keep going
recursively until we do get sub-images which are only one colour. (This definitely
happens once we get down to the scale of the original pixels!). We call these
single colour sub-images in the final data structure‘cells’.
1
It makes no geometric difference which axis is which, or which quadrant is‘first’, as long
as we are consistent when we sub-divide. But we need some terminology to write with!
2
This lab exercise is about the resulting data structure, the tree of cells. You
don’t have to care about the details of an original image which such a structure
might have come from – for instance you don’t need to record the dimensions in
pixels of the original image, nor do you need to worry about whether a particular
structure is the most efficient way of representing a given image. That means
that your data structure is correct if it represents the way the image looks
geometrically, ignoring the size. It will be tested in such a way that only the
geometric information matters: the way you think about the data structure
could differ from someone else by rotation, scaling, and even reflection, as well
as the details of how you order and organize the various components, and you
can both be correct as long as you are each internally self-consistent.
For that reason, if you are working out what the exercises mean with a
friend, or on asking something on the forum, it is better to discuss everything
in terms of pictures, or describe quadtrees using the four functions in Exercise 1
below, so that you don’t accidentally discuss the details of your data structure.
1.1 Exercise 1: representing quadtrees using ADTs
For this exercise, you should define an Algebraic Data Type to model quadtrees
in the sense described above. Do this in whatever way you like (as long as
you use an Algebraic Data Type), but provide four functions with the following
properties:
• A function allBlack which takes an Int number2 n, which you may
assume is of the form 2k where k is non-negative, and returns your representation
of an n by n image which is all black. (You have some freedom
in how you interpret this – see the last paragraph of the section above!
In particular this may be extremely simple because of the fact that you
don’t need to remember the dimensions of the image. But it doesn’t have
to be simple if you find it helpful to represent the image more concretely.)
2
If you started working using the lab preview, and have assumed an argument of type
‘Integer’instead of‘Int’that is fine too.
3
• A function allWhite which takes an Int number n, which you may assume
is of the form 2k where k is non-negative, and returns your representation
of an n by n image which is all white.
• A function clockwise which takes four quadtrees and returns the quadtree
whose four subtrees are the inputs, starting with the one in the first quadrant
and arranged in a clockwise order. (Again, there is freedom in how
you arrange your data structure. It doesn’t matter how the subtrees are
stored or ordered internally.)
• A function anticlockwise which takes four quadtrees and returns the
quadtree whose four subtrees are the inputs, starting with the one in the
first quadrant and arranged in a anticlockwise order.
You may use one or several Algebraic Data Types in your model. For each
Algebraic Data Type, you should add the expression deriving (Eq, Show) to
the end of the line which defines the datatype.
For example, below is an Algebraic Data Type representing a list of Int
values
data MyList = Elist |
Cons Int MyList
If I used such a data structure in my solution, I would append the expression
above to the end of the definition, to obtain
data MyList = Elist |
Cons Int MyList deriving (Eq, Show)
Make sure you have done this for all the Algebraic Data Types you have defined.
For now we treat this as a‘magic incantation’which lets Haskell know we
want to be able to print values of our datatype and compare them for equality.
What is really going on in this expression will be covered in the videos in Week
11.
Marking
This exercise is has a total of three marks available. The marks will be
assigned based on testing on quadtrees of different sizes and complexities; more
detail will be given in the final version of the lab instructions.
The tests will consist of checking consistency properties which we expect to
hold. For example, we expect
clockwise (allBlack 1) (allBlack 1) (allWhite 1) (allWhite 1) ==
anticlockwise (allBlack 1) (allWhite 1) (allWhite 1) (allBlack 1)
The tests will also involve checking inequalities such as
clockwise (allBlack 1) (allBlack 1) (allWhite 1) (allWhite 1) /=
anticlockwise (allBlack 1) (allBlack 1) (allWhite 1) (allBlack 1)
4
Otherwise you could represent all trees with a single value! Note however that
they do not check anything which depends on the size of the image, so for
instance they never check whether allBlack 128 == allBlack 2 or not, because
geometrically these look the same, so you are free to represent them as
the same or different, whichever works for your data structure. The tests only
check equalities and inequalities which must hold for all correct representations.
You solution will receive:
• One mark for passing the tests on small quadtrees,
• One mark for passing the tests on medium-sized quadtrees, and
• One mark for passing the tests on large quadtrees,
for a total of three marks. The quadtrees involved no larger than required to
represent a 210 by 210 image. The‘small’quadtrees are no larger than needed
to represent a 4 by 4 image. You need only consider square images whose
dimensions are powers of 2. Your solution must use at least one Algebraic Data
Type to qualify for any of the marks above.
1.2 Exercise 2: A crude‘edge detector’
For this exercise, you should define a function ndiff which takes a quadtree as
input and returns a quadtree as output. It should not change the structure of
the quadtree, but it should change the data representing the black and white
colours in the following way. A cell of ndiff q should be black if and only if
the corresponding cell of q was a different colour to any of the cells which touch
it either along an edge or at a corner. You can think of such a function as an
extremely crude approximation to an edge detector, although it is not practical
to use it for that purpose!
For example
ndiff
Not that most of the cells have turned black, because they did differ from one of
their neighbours – in some cases only a neighbour which touches on the corner.
5
Most cells have eight neighbours. However, a pair of cells in opposite corners are
white, because the corresponding cells were black and only touched black cells.
Note that these cells have fewer neighbours because of being on the boundary,
which makes it more likely that they will be white in the output. (Though
in this example, all the other cells on the boundary still had a neighbour of a
different colour.)
Marking
This exercise is has a total of four marks available. The marks will be assigned
based on testing on quadtrees of different sizes and complexities; more detail
will be given in the final version of the lab instructions.
The tests will consist of checking properties which we expect to hold. For
example,
ndiff (clockwise (allWhite 2)
(clockwise (allBlack 1) (allWhite 1)
(allWhite 1) (allWhite 1))
(allWhite 2) (allWhite 2)) ==
clockwise (allBlack 2)
(clockwise (allBlack 1) (allBlack 1)
(allBlack 1) (allBlack 1))
(allWhite 2) (allWhite 2)
You solution will receive:
• One mark for passing the tests on small quadtrees,
• One mark for passing the tests on medium-size, uniform quadtrees, and
• One mark for passing the tests on medum-size, non-uniform quadtrees,
• One mark for passing the tests on large, non-uniform quadtrees,
for a total of four marks. The maximum size is the same as for Exercise 1. By
‘uniform’I mean that the way in which the tree is described by clockwise,
anticlockwise, allBlack, and allWhite does not intrinsically result in cells
of different sizes being next to each other, though your data structure might
introduce these if you like!
There is also one additional mark available for the first two exercises according
to the marker’s judgement. It is for any good aspects of your code which
are not reflected in the automated mark. This will generally be for extremely
clear, well-organised code, or clever ideas for the efficiency of ndiff. The effi-
ciency of your representation of quadtrees will never count against you, as you
have complete freedom there. But it may be given for other good work if the
marker feels, according to their judgement, that it is not reflected fairly in the
automated mark.
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2 Submission
To submit the exercises above, clone the git repository
26020-lab3-s-haskell_<your username> present in the department’s GitLab.
In that directory, save your submission as submission.hs and make sure
you have done git add sumission.hs. Remove any definition of main from
submission.hs.
A testing script is provided called check_submission.sh (note‘sh’not
‘hs’!). Running this file checks that your submission will work with the automated
marking script. Note that it creates/overwrites a file called
check_submission_temp_file.hs by concatenating submission.hs and tester.hs.
It does not remove this file after running, so you can inspect it if anything went
wrong. This script checks that your solution is in the right format for the automated
tests (e.g. that you have used the right function names, added the
deriving (Eq, Show) incantation where necessary, and have remembered to
remove any definition of main) but it does not test your submission well. Try
to come up with your own test examples, although I will release some more
examples on Blackboard too.
You might have to make check_submission.sh executable by running
chmod u+x check_submission.sh.
Once check_submission.sh tells you that all its checks have passed, double
check that you have added submission.hs and push the files on the master
branch.
If you decide to try the challenge below and think you have succeeded in
getting one of the marks, add your work to the repo as challenge.hs. Students
are strongly encouraged to focus on the exercises above.
Once you are confident that your solution is correct (i.e. after doing more
testing than just running the format checking script!), push your final version
on the master branch and create a tag named lab3-submission to indicate
that the submission is ready to be marked.
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3 A Challenge
The exercises described in this section are designed to be extremely difficult:
no amount of time spent on them is guaranteed to result in gaining marks, and
they are best attempted only if the challenge in itself is sufficient motivation. I
have told the TAs that they do not need to prepare to support these exercises,
so you may need to ask me directly about any questions you have!
For the purpose of this exercise, an infinite bitstring is a function of type
Integer -> Bool which does not go wrong in any way for any input which
itself does not go wrong. We ignore how these functions behave on negative
arguments, and think of them as functions on the natural numbers.
A total predicate is a function of type (Integer -> Bool) -> Bool which,
given any infinite bitstring as input, terminates and outputs an element of Bool.
Your task is to implement a function
hero:: ((Integer -> Bool) -> Bool) -> (Int -> Bool)
which given a total predicate p as input, outputs an infinite bitstring such that
p(hero p) == True if and only if there exists an infinite bitstring e such that
p(e) == True. Otherwise we must have p(hero p) == False if there are no
such infinite bitstrings. Document how your solution works in your own words.
A correct, well-documented solution is worth one mark.
A follow up problem is this: Does the idea which makes the solution to the
above challenge work apply to total functions of type (Q -> Bool) -> Bool
where Q is your quadtree datatype? If so, give an implementation for that type.
if not, give an example of such a function for which the idea would not work,
and clearly explain why in the comments. A well-reasoned solution is worth
one mark.
4 Acknowledgements
I would like to thank everyone who asked questions about the preview version of
these lab exercises. Particular thanks is due to Ewan Massey, who sent detailed
feedback, including pointing out a serious problem (I had neglected to mention
the deriving (Eq, Show) as a‘magic incantation’in the Week 9 videos! As
mentioned above it’s meaning will be explained in Week 11). His feedback has
saved all of us a lot of pain, and me a great deal of embarrassment!