关于c#:C面向对象引用类型和值类型

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咱们学习了类和对象的基础知识过后，就能够来理解一些对象背地的常识了。

Student wx = new Student();

这行代码，实际上做了三件事：

  1. 生成一个对象（new Student()），取得该对象的存储地址
  2. 申明一个 Student 的变量 wx
  3. 将在 1 中生成的对象存储地址赋值给 2 中的变量 wx，从而把变量 wx 和对象关联起来

如图所示：

了解这三步十分重要。其关键点就在于：wx 中存储的不是对象自身，而是对象的地址。在 C# 中，对象的地址又被称之为“援用”，所以但凡以这种模式寄存的类型，都被称之为

援用类型

但凡由 class 申明的类型，都是援用类型；“指向”援用类型（寄存援用类型对象的地址）的变量，就被称之为援用类型变量。因为援用类型变量并不寄存实质性数据，所以当咱们运行这一行代码的时候：

wx.age = 18;

18 并没有寄存在 wx 中，而是寄存在 wx（通过内存地址）所指向的对象中，如图所示：

同时留神，如果 wx 变量没有指向任何对象的话，咱们能够说它的值为 null。null 值上不能进行任何运算，因为对象为 null 值而报的谬误 NullReferenceException 是程序中最常见的谬误。

Student wx = null; // 运行就会报错：NullReferenceException Console.WriteLine(wx.Name);

和援用类型对应的，就是

值类型

目前咱们曾经学习过的 int,float,bool 等都是值类型（string 是一种十分非凡的援用类型，数组是援用类型）。值类型的特点就是：

变量寄存的不是地址，而是间接寄存“值”。比方：

int i = 18;

变量 i 中间接寄存着 18 这个数值。如图所示：

值类型变量的值不能为 null，如果没有为其赋值，它会有一个默认值（参考：默认值表）。

了解值类型和援用类型的区别有什么作用呢？咱们来看一下这两段代码：

int i = 18; int j = i; — 留神这一行代码 j = 20; Console.WriteLine(i); — i 的值是 18 还是 20？

咱们留神赋值运算符（=），它意味着将 = 右侧的值赋值给左侧。那么 j=i，就是把变量 i 的值赋值给变量 j。而变量 i 的值是多少？是整数 18。这里的赋值，不是“挪动”（挪动的话 i 就没值了，^_^），而是“复制”，就是把 i 中的值 18 复制一份给 j，让 j 里也寄存着 18。

所以，再下一句，j=20，就又把 20 赋值给了 j，但也仅仅是把 20 赋值给了 j，不能影响 i 的值。

那么，再看看这个代码：

Student wx = new Student(); wx.age = 18; Student clone = wx; — 这里是把 wx 的什么赋值给了 clone？clone.age = 20; Console.WriteLine(wx.age);

大体上和下面的 i / j 赋值相似，然而运行之后咱们发现 wx.age 变成了 20，为什么呢？

因为 Student clone = wx; 这一行代码，实际上是把变量 wx 中寄存的 Student 对象地址赋值给了 clone，从而让 clone 变量中也寄存了 wx 的对象地址。通过 & 运算能够分明的看到这一点：

用图例示意：

所以，当咱们批改 clone.age 的时候，实际上批改的是 new Student() 对象中的 Age。而因为 wx 和 clone 都执行了 new Student()，所以当咱们获取 wx.age 的时候，获取的也是 clone.age 的值。

演示：应用 & 运算符……

或者大家曾经明确了（或者更迷糊了），为什么咱们之前始终反复强调函数的值传递和援用传递，是“传递”而不是“类型”。因为在 C# 中，传递是传递，类型是类型，总结起来，咱们能够有：

  1. 值类型参数的值传递
  2. 值类型参数的援用传递
  3. 援用类型参数的值传递
  4. 援用类型参数的援用传递

咱们在参数的传递中曾经学习过了 1 和 2，接下来咱们看看 3 和 4。先上办法：

static void grow(Student student) {student.age++;}

接下来进行调用：

Student wx = new Student(); wx.age = 18; grow(wx); Console.WriteLine(wx.age); — 猜一猜它的后果？

因为上述代码运行之后 wx.age 变成了 19，和值类型参数的援用传递后果相似，所以很多同学会将其间接称之为“援用传递”（尤其是 Java 中没有 ref 关键字，这种称说更为风行）。但实际上，重要的事件……，嗯，再说一遍：

C# 中除非参数前加修饰符（ref,out 等），否则默认就是值传递！

所以，这里依然是参数的值传递，不过咱们之前是值类型的值传递，这里是援用类型的值传递。这里依然是将变量 wx 的值复制一份，将正本传递给 grow() 办法。那为什么后果和值类型的值传递成果不一样呢？

留神这里变量 wx 的值，它具体指的是什么？是 age（18）么？不是的哟！应该是 new Student() 这个对象的地址。其实整个过程和前文 Student clone = wx; 是一样一样的？因为传递给 grow() 办法的是对象地址，所以在办法中批改的也就是对象内容，而最初的输入的也是对象的内容（wx.age），所以……

演示：应用 & 运算符……

为了加深同学们的意识，咱们稍稍的批改一下下面的 grow() 办法：

static void grow(Student student) {student = new Student(); // 减少了一行代码 student.age++; }

如上文个别调用这个办法，后果值是多少呢？为什么？

要害的要害就是新减少的这一行代码让 student 从新指向了一个新生成的对象，且 student.Age++ 也产生在了新生成的对象中，和之前的变量 wx 所指向的对象齐全无关。如图所示：

最初，咱们来试一试援用类型的援用传递吧：

static void grow(ref Student student) {student = new Student(); // 依然应用减少的这一行代码 student.age++; }

办法调用：

Student wx = new Student(); wx.age = 18; grow(ref wx); // 不要遗记了增加 ref 关键字 Console.WriteLine(wx.age); // 猜一猜后果是什么？

竟然是：1，为什么呢？

因为这一次，援用传递会将变量 wx 间接传递给 grow() 办法，也就是说，student 参数就是 wx 自身，那么在办法中新 new 进去的对象地址也就间接赋值给了 wx，所以当初 wx.age 就是 0 了（字段的默认值），++ 之后就变成了 1。

因为援用类型的援用传递在简单的代码环境中容易让人懵逼，所以微软官网并不举荐应用。通常，咱们应该应用 return 来实现相似成果：

static Student grow(Student student) {student = new Student(); student.age++; return student; } // 同学们要逐步适应这种应用自定义 class 作为参数和返回值的用法

接着进行调用：

Student wx = new Student(); wx = grow(wx); // 留神了解这里的变动 Console.WriteLine(wx.age); // 或者：Console.WriteLine(grow(wx).age);

在面试中，问到值类型和援用类型的区别，咱们还应该能答到：

援用类型寄存在堆里，而值类型寄存在栈或者堆中。（堆和栈都是一个逻辑而不是物理概念）

这什么意思呢？

堆和栈

是两种数据结构，但有时候咱们也会把栈称之为“堆栈”，ʅ(‾◡◝)ʃ，飞哥也很无奈，同学们就依据上下文了解吧……

堆最好了解，它是无序的数据汇合，简略的说，就是数据散乱的散布，没有任何组织和法则，就像一堆货物堆在那里一样（温习：SQL 无汇集索引表）https://github.com/hdfgfgh546…
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c#
发表至： c#
2020-12-27
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