共计 8423 个字符,预计需要花费 22 分钟才能阅读完成。
前言
写这篇文章不是为了剖析 Handler 怎么应用,目标是想从设计的角度来看 Handler 的演进过程,以及为什么会呈现 Looper,MessageQueue,Handler,Message 这四个类。
一. 线程通信的实质?
线程区别于过程的次要因素在于,线程之间是共享内存的。在 android 零碎中,堆中的对象能够被所有线程拜访。因而无论是哪种线程通信形式,思考到性能问题,肯定会选用持有对方线程的某个对象来实现通信。
1.1 AsyncTask
public AsyncTask(@Nullable Looper callbackLooper) {mHandler = callbackLooper == null || callbackLooper == Looper.getMainLooper()
? getMainHandler()
: new Handler(callbackLooper);
mWorker = new WorkerRunnable<Params, Result>() {public Result call() throws Exception {mTaskInvoked.set(true);
Result result = null;
try {Process.setThreadPriority(Process.THREAD_PRIORITY_BACKGROUND);
//noinspection unchecked
result = doInBackground(mParams);
Binder.flushPendingCommands();} catch (Throwable tr) {mCancelled.set(true);
throw tr;
} finally {postResult(result);
}
return result;
}
};
mFuture = new FutureTask<Result>(mWorker) {
@Override
protected void done() {
try {postResultIfNotInvoked(get());
} catch (InterruptedException e) {android.util.Log.w(LOG_TAG, e);
} catch (ExecutionException e) {throw new RuntimeException("An error occurred while executing doInBackground()",
e.getCause());
} catch (CancellationException e) {postResultIfNotInvoked(null);
}
}
};
}
private Result postResult(Result result) {@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
Message message = getHandler().obtainMessage(MESSAGE_POST_RESULT,
new AsyncTaskResult<Result>(this, result));
message.sendToTarget();
return result;
}
从用法能够看出,AsyncTask 也是间接通过 handler 机制实现从以后线程给 Looper 所对应线程发送音讯的,如果不传,默认选的就是主线程的 Looper。
1.2 Handler
借助 ThreadLocal 获取 thread 的 Looper,传输 message 进行通信。实质上也是持有对象线程的 Looper 对象。
public Handler(@Nullable Callback callback, boolean async) {if (FIND_POTENTIAL_LEAKS) {final Class<? extends Handler> klass = getClass();
if ((klass.isAnonymousClass() || klass.isMemberClass() || klass.isLocalClass()) &&
(klass.getModifiers() & Modifier.STATIC) == 0) {
Log.w(TAG, "The following Handler class should be static or leaks might occur:" +
klass.getCanonicalName());
}
}
mLooper = Looper.myLooper();
if (mLooper == null) {
throw new RuntimeException("Can't create handler inside thread " + Thread.currentThread()
+ "that has not called Looper.prepare()");
}
mQueue = mLooper.mQueue;
mCallback = callback;
mAsynchronous = async;
}
public final boolean post(@NonNull Runnable r) {return sendMessageDelayed(getPostMessage(r), 0);
}
public boolean sendMessageAtTime(@NonNull Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
MessageQueue queue = mQueue;
if (queue == null) {
RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException(this + "sendMessageAtTime() called with no mQueue");
Log.w("Looper", e.getMessage(), e);
return false;
}
return enqueueMessage(queue, msg, uptimeMillis);
}
1.3 View.post(Runnable)
public boolean post(Runnable action) {
final AttachInfo attachInfo = mAttachInfo;
if (attachInfo != null) {return attachInfo.mHandler.post(action);
}
// Postpone the runnable until we know on which thread it needs to run.
// Assume that the runnable will be successfully placed after attach.
getRunQueue().post(action);
return true;
}
getRunQueue().post(action)仅仅是在没有 attachToWindow 之前缓存了 Runnable 到数组中
private HandlerAction[] mActions;
public void postDelayed(Runnable action, long delayMillis) {final HandlerAction handlerAction = new HandlerAction(action, delayMillis);
synchronized (this) {if (mActions == null) {mActions = new HandlerAction[4];
}
mActions = GrowingArrayUtils.append(mActions, mCount, handlerAction);
mCount++;
}
}
等到 attachToWindow 时执行, 因而实质上也是 handler 机制进行通信。
void dispatchAttachedToWindow(AttachInfo info, int visibility) {
mAttachInfo = info;
....
// Transfer all pending runnables.
if (mRunQueue != null) {mRunQueue.executeActions(info.mHandler);
mRunQueue = null;
}
....
1.4 runOnUiThread
public final void runOnUiThread(Runnable action) {if (Thread.currentThread() != mUiThread) {mHandler.post(action);
} else {action.run();
}
}
通过获取 UIThread 的 handler 来通信。
从以上剖析能够看出,android 零碎的四种常见通信形式实质上都是通过 Handler 技术进行通信。
二.handler 解决什么问题?
handler 解决 线程通信问题,以及线程切换 问题。实质上还是共享内存,通过持有其余线程的 Looper 来发送音讯。
咱们常提的 Handler 技术通常包含以下四局部
- Handler
- Looper
- MessageQueue
- Message
三. 从架构的演进来看 Handler
3.1 原始的线程通信
String msg = "hello world";
Thread thread = new Thread(){
@Override
public void run() {super.run();
System.out.println(msg);
}
};
thread.start();
Thread thread1 = new Thread(){
@Override
public void run() {super.run();
System.out.println(msg);
}
};
thread1.start();
3.2 结构化数据反对
为了发送结构化数据,因而设计了 Message
Message msg = new Message();
Thread thread = new Thread(){
@Override
public void run() {super.run();
msg.content = "hello";
System.out.println(msg);
}
};
thread.start();
Thread thread1 = new Thread(){
@Override
public void run() {super.run();
System.out.println(msg);
}
};
thread1.start();
3.3 继续通信反对
Message msg = new Message();
Thread thread = new Thread(){
@Override
public void run() {for (;;){msg.content = "hello";}
}
};
thread.start();
Thread thread1 = new Thread(){
@Override
public void run() {super.run();
for (;;){System.out.println(msg.content);
}
}
};
thread1.start();
通过有限 for 循环阻塞线程,Handler 中对应的是 Looper。
3.4 线程切换反对
上述办法都只能是 thread1 承受扭转,而无奈告诉 thread。因而设计了 Handler, 同时封装了发送和承受音讯的办法.
class Message{
String content = "123";
String from = "hch";
}
abstract class Handler{public void sendMessage(Message message){handleMessage(message);
}
public abstract void handleMessage(Message message);
}
Message msg = new Message();
Thread thread = new Thread(){
@Override
public void run() {for (;;){
try {Thread.sleep(1000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {e.printStackTrace();
}
msg.content = "hello";
if (handler != null){handler.sendMessage(msg);
}
}
}
};
thread.start();
Thread thread1 = new Thread(){
@Override
public void run() {super.run();
handler = new Handler(){
@Override
public void handleMessage(Message message) {System.out.println(message.content);
}
};
}
};
thread1.start();
3.5 对于线程音讯吞吐量的反对
abstract class Handler{BlockingDeque<Message> messageQueue = new LinkedBlockingDeque<>();
public void sendMessage(Message message){messageQueue.add(message);
}
public abstract void handleMessage(Message message);
}
...
Thread thread1 = new Thread(){
@Override
public void run() {super.run();
handler = new Handler(){
@Override
public void handleMessage(Message message) {if (!handler.messageQueue.isEmpty()){System.out.println(messageQueue.pollFirst().content);
}
}
};
}
};
thread1.start();
减少音讯队列 MessageQueue 来缓存音讯,解决线程按程序生产。造成典型的生产者消费者模型。
3.6 对于多线程的反对
上述模型最大的不便之后在于 Handler 的申明和应用,通信线程单方必须可能十分不便的获取到雷同的 Handler。
同时思考到应用线程的便利性,咱们不能限度 Handler 在某个固定的中央申明。如果可能十分不便的获取到对应线程的音讯队列,而后往里面塞咱们的音讯,那该如许美妙。
因而 Looper 和 ThreadLocal 闪亮退场。
- Looper 形象了有限循环的过程,并且将 MessageQueue 从 Handler 中移到 Looper 中。
- ThreadLocal 将每个线程通过 ThreadLocalMap 将 Looper 与 Thread 绑定,保障可能通过任意 Thread 获取到对应的 Looper 对象,进而获取到 Thread 所需的要害 MessageQueue.
//ThreadLocal 获取 Looper
public T get() {Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);
if (map != null) {ThreadLocalMap.Entry e = map.getEntry(this);
if (e != null) {@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
T result = (T)e.value;
return result;
}
}
return setInitialValue();}
//Looper 写入到 ThreadLocal
private static void prepare(boolean quitAllowed) {if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) {throw new RuntimeException("Only one Looper may be created per thread");
}
sThreadLocal.set(new Looper(quitAllowed));
}
// 队列形象
private Looper(boolean quitAllowed) {mQueue = new MessageQueue(quitAllowed);
mThread = Thread.currentThread();}
//Handler 获取 Looper
public Handler(@Nullable Callback callback, boolean async) {if (FIND_POTENTIAL_LEAKS) {final Class<? extends Handler> klass = getClass();
if ((klass.isAnonymousClass() || klass.isMemberClass() || klass.isLocalClass()) &&
(klass.getModifiers() & Modifier.STATIC) == 0) {
Log.w(TAG, "The following Handler class should be static or leaks might occur:" +
klass.getCanonicalName());
}
}
mLooper = Looper.myLooper();
if (mLooper == null) {
throw new RuntimeException("Can't create handler inside thread " + Thread.currentThread()
+ "that has not called Looper.prepare()");
}
mQueue = mLooper.mQueue;
mCallback = callback;
mAsynchronous = async;
}
3.7 google 对于 Handler 的无奈斗争
思考一个问题,因为 Handler 能够在任意地位定义,sendMessage 到对应的线程能够通过线程对应的 Looper–MessageQueue 来执行, 那 handleMessage 的时候,如何能找到对应的 Handler 来解决呢?咱们可没有好的方法能间接检索到每个音讯对应的 Handler
两种解决思路
- 通过公共总线,比方定义 Map<Message,Handler> 来索引,这种形式要求 map 必须定义到所有的线程都能不便获取到的中央,比方能够定义为 static
- 通过音讯带 Message 来携带属性 target 到对应线程,当音讯被生产后,能够通过 Message 来取得 Handler.
第一种形式的问题比拟显著,公共总线须要手动保护它的生命周期,google 采纳的是第二种形式。
private boolean enqueueMessage(@NonNull MessageQueue queue, @NonNull Message msg,
long uptimeMillis) {
msg.target = this;
msg.workSourceUid = ThreadLocalWorkSource.getUid();
if (mAsynchronous) {msg.setAsynchronous(true);
}
return queue.enqueueMessage(msg, uptimeMillis);
}
3.8. 斗争造成 Handler 泄露问题的本源
因为 Message 持有了 Handler 的援用,当咱们通过外部类的模式定义 Handler 时,持有链为
Thread->MessageQueue->Message->Handler->Activity/Fragment
长生命周期的 Thread 持有了短生命周期的 Activity.
解决形式:应用动态外部类定义 Handler, 动态外部类不持有外部类的援用,所以应用动态的 handler 不会导致 activity 的泄露。
四. 总结
- 1. 线程通信实质上通过共享内存来实现
- 2.android 零碎罕用的四种通信形式,理论都采纳 Handler 实现
- 3.Handler 机制蕴含四局部 Handler,MessageQueue,Message,Looper, 它是架构演进的后果。
-
4.Handler 泄露实质是因为长生命周期的对象 Thead 间接持有了短生命周期的对象造成。
#### 相干视频举荐:
【2021 最新版】Android studio 装置教程 +Android(安卓)零基础教程视频(适宜 Android 0 根底,Android 初学入门)含音视频_哔哩哔哩_bilibili
【Android 进阶教程】——Framework 面试必问的 Handler 源码解析_哔哩哔哩_bilibili
Android 进阶零碎学习——Gradle 入门与我的项目实战_哔哩哔哩_bilibili
Android 架构设计原理与实战——Jetpack 联合 MVP 组合利用开发一个优良的 APP!_哔哩哔哩_bilibili
本文转自 https://juejin.cn/post/7045473726929829918,如有侵权,请分割删除。