前言
写这篇文章不是为了剖析Handler怎么应用,目标是想从设计的角度来看Handler的演进过程,以及为什么会呈现Looper,MessageQueue,Handler,Message这四个类。
一.线程通信的实质?
线程区别于过程的次要因素在于,线程之间是共享内存的。在android零碎中,堆中的对象能够被所有线程拜访。因而无论是哪种线程通信形式,思考到性能问题,肯定会选用持有对方线程的某个对象来实现通信。
1.1 AsyncTask
public AsyncTask(@Nullable Looper callbackLooper) {
mHandler = callbackLooper == null || callbackLooper == Looper.getMainLooper()
? getMainHandler()
: new Handler(callbackLooper);
mWorker = new WorkerRunnable<Params, Result>() {
public Result call() throws Exception {
mTaskInvoked.set(true);
Result result = null;
try {
Process.setThreadPriority(Process.THREAD_PRIORITY_BACKGROUND);
//noinspection unchecked
result = doInBackground(mParams);
Binder.flushPendingCommands();
} catch (Throwable tr) {
mCancelled.set(true);
throw tr;
} finally {
postResult(result);
}
return result;
}
};
mFuture = new FutureTask<Result>(mWorker) {
@Override
protected void done() {
try {
postResultIfNotInvoked(get());
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
android.util.Log.w(LOG_TAG, e);
} catch (ExecutionException e) {
throw new RuntimeException("An error occurred while executing doInBackground()",
e.getCause());
} catch (CancellationException e) {
postResultIfNotInvoked(null);
}
}
};
}
private Result postResult(Result result) {
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
Message message = getHandler().obtainMessage(MESSAGE_POST_RESULT,
new AsyncTaskResult<Result>(this, result));
message.sendToTarget();
return result;
}
从用法能够看出,AsyncTask也是间接通过handler机制实现从以后线程给Looper所对应线程发送音讯的,如果不传,默认选的就是主线程的Looper。
1.2 Handler
借助ThreadLocal获取thread的Looper,传输message进行通信。实质上也是持有对象线程的Looper对象。
public Handler(@Nullable Callback callback, boolean async) {
if (FIND_POTENTIAL_LEAKS) {
final Class<? extends Handler> klass = getClass();
if ((klass.isAnonymousClass() || klass.isMemberClass() || klass.isLocalClass()) &&
(klass.getModifiers() & Modifier.STATIC) == 0) {
Log.w(TAG, "The following Handler class should be static or leaks might occur: " +
klass.getCanonicalName());
}
}
mLooper = Looper.myLooper();
if (mLooper == null) {
throw new RuntimeException(
"Can't create handler inside thread " + Thread.currentThread()
+ " that has not called Looper.prepare()");
}
mQueue = mLooper.mQueue;
mCallback = callback;
mAsynchronous = async;
}
public final boolean post(@NonNull Runnable r) {
return sendMessageDelayed(getPostMessage(r), 0);
}
public boolean sendMessageAtTime(@NonNull Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
MessageQueue queue = mQueue;
if (queue == null) {
RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException(
this + " sendMessageAtTime() called with no mQueue");
Log.w("Looper", e.getMessage(), e);
return false;
}
return enqueueMessage(queue, msg, uptimeMillis);
}
1.3 View.post(Runnable)
public boolean post(Runnable action) {
final AttachInfo attachInfo = mAttachInfo;
if (attachInfo != null) {
return attachInfo.mHandler.post(action);
}
// Postpone the runnable until we know on which thread it needs to run.
// Assume that the runnable will be successfully placed after attach.
getRunQueue().post(action);
return true;
}
getRunQueue().post(action)仅仅是在没有attachToWindow之前缓存了Runnable到数组中
private HandlerAction[] mActions;
public void postDelayed(Runnable action, long delayMillis) {
final HandlerAction handlerAction = new HandlerAction(action, delayMillis);
synchronized (this) {
if (mActions == null) {
mActions = new HandlerAction[4];
}
mActions = GrowingArrayUtils.append(mActions, mCount, handlerAction);
mCount++;
}
}
等到attachToWindow时执行,因而实质上也是handler机制进行通信。
void dispatchAttachedToWindow(AttachInfo info, int visibility) {
mAttachInfo = info;
....
// Transfer all pending runnables.
if (mRunQueue != null) {
mRunQueue.executeActions(info.mHandler);
mRunQueue = null;
}
....
1.4 runOnUiThread
public final void runOnUiThread(Runnable action) {
if (Thread.currentThread() != mUiThread) {
mHandler.post(action);
} else {
action.run();
}
}
通过获取UIThread的handler来通信。
从以上剖析能够看出,android零碎的四种常见通信形式实质上都是通过Handler技术进行通信。
二.handler解决什么问题?
handler解决线程通信问题,以及线程切换问题。实质上还是共享内存,通过持有其余线程的Looper来发送音讯。
咱们常提的Handler技术通常包含以下四局部
- Handler
- Looper
- MessageQueue
- Message
三.从架构的演进来看Handler
3.1 原始的线程通信
String msg = "hello world";
Thread thread = new Thread(){
@Override
public void run() {
super.run();
System.out.println(msg);
}
};
thread.start();
Thread thread1 = new Thread(){
@Override
public void run() {
super.run();
System.out.println(msg);
}
};
thread1.start();
3.2 结构化数据反对
为了发送结构化数据,因而设计了Message
Message msg = new Message();
Thread thread = new Thread(){
@Override
public void run() {
super.run();
msg.content = "hello";
System.out.println(msg);
}
};
thread.start();
Thread thread1 = new Thread(){
@Override
public void run() {
super.run();
System.out.println(msg);
}
};
thread1.start();
3.3 继续通信反对
Message msg = new Message();
Thread thread = new Thread(){
@Override
public void run() {
for (;;){
msg.content = "hello";
}
}
};
thread.start();
Thread thread1 = new Thread(){
@Override
public void run() {
super.run();
for (;;){
System.out.println(msg.content);
}
}
};
thread1.start();
通过有限for循环阻塞线程,Handler中对应的是Looper。
3.4 线程切换反对
上述办法都只能是thread1承受扭转,而无奈告诉thread。因而设计了Handler, 同时封装了发送和承受音讯的办法.
class Message{
String content = "123";
String from = "hch";
}
abstract class Handler{
public void sendMessage(Message message){
handleMessage(message);
}
public abstract void handleMessage(Message message);
}
Message msg = new Message();
Thread thread = new Thread(){
@Override
public void run() {
for (;;){
try {
Thread.sleep(1000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
msg.content = "hello";
if (handler != null){
handler.sendMessage(msg);
}
}
}
};
thread.start();
Thread thread1 = new Thread(){
@Override
public void run() {
super.run();
handler = new Handler(){
@Override
public void handleMessage(Message message) {
System.out.println(message.content);
}
};
}
};
thread1.start();
3.5 对于线程音讯吞吐量的反对
abstract class Handler{
BlockingDeque<Message> messageQueue = new LinkedBlockingDeque<>();
public void sendMessage(Message message){
messageQueue.add(message);
}
public abstract void handleMessage(Message message);
}
...
Thread thread1 = new Thread(){
@Override
public void run() {
super.run();
handler = new Handler(){
@Override
public void handleMessage(Message message) {
if (!handler.messageQueue.isEmpty()){
System.out.println(messageQueue.pollFirst().content);
}
}
};
}
};
thread1.start();
减少音讯队列MessageQueue来缓存音讯,解决线程按程序生产。造成典型的生产者消费者模型。
3.6 对于多线程的反对
上述模型最大的不便之后在于Handler的申明和应用,通信线程单方必须可能十分不便的获取到雷同的Handler。
同时思考到应用线程的便利性,咱们不能限度Handler在某个固定的中央申明。如果可能十分不便的获取到对应线程的音讯队列,而后往里面塞咱们的音讯,那该如许美妙。
因而Looper和ThreadLocal闪亮退场。
- Looper形象了有限循环的过程,并且将MessageQueue从Handler中移到Looper中。
- ThreadLocal将每个线程通过ThreadLocalMap将Looper与Thread绑定,保障可能通过任意Thread获取到对应的Looper对象,进而获取到Thread所需的要害MessageQueue.
//ThreadLocal获取Looper
public T get() {
Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);
if (map != null) {
ThreadLocalMap.Entry e = map.getEntry(this);
if (e != null) {
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
T result = (T)e.value;
return result;
}
}
return setInitialValue();
}
//Looper写入到ThreadLocal
private static void prepare(boolean quitAllowed) {
if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) {
throw new RuntimeException("Only one Looper may be created per thread");
}
sThreadLocal.set(new Looper(quitAllowed));
}
// 队列形象
private Looper(boolean quitAllowed) {
mQueue = new MessageQueue(quitAllowed);
mThread = Thread.currentThread();
}
//Handler获取Looper
public Handler(@Nullable Callback callback, boolean async) {
if (FIND_POTENTIAL_LEAKS) {
final Class<? extends Handler> klass = getClass();
if ((klass.isAnonymousClass() || klass.isMemberClass() || klass.isLocalClass()) &&
(klass.getModifiers() & Modifier.STATIC) == 0) {
Log.w(TAG, "The following Handler class should be static or leaks might occur: " +
klass.getCanonicalName());
}
}
mLooper = Looper.myLooper();
if (mLooper == null) {
throw new RuntimeException(
"Can't create handler inside thread " + Thread.currentThread()
+ " that has not called Looper.prepare()");
}
mQueue = mLooper.mQueue;
mCallback = callback;
mAsynchronous = async;
}
3.7 google对于Handler的无奈斗争
思考一个问题,因为Handler能够在任意地位定义,sendMessage到对应的线程能够通过线程对应的Looper–MessageQueue来执行,那handleMessage的时候,如何能找到对应的Handler来解决呢?咱们可没有好的方法能间接检索到每个音讯对应的Handler
两种解决思路
- 通过公共总线,比方定义Map<Message,Handler>来索引,这种形式要求map必须定义到所有的线程都能不便获取到的中央,比方能够定义为static
- 通过音讯带Message来携带属性target到对应线程,当音讯被生产后,能够通过Message来取得Handler.
第一种形式的问题比拟显著,公共总线须要手动保护它的生命周期,google采纳的是第二种形式。
private boolean enqueueMessage(@NonNull MessageQueue queue, @NonNull Message msg,
long uptimeMillis) {
msg.target = this;
msg.workSourceUid = ThreadLocalWorkSource.getUid();
if (mAsynchronous) {
msg.setAsynchronous(true);
}
return queue.enqueueMessage(msg, uptimeMillis);
}
3.8.斗争造成Handler泄露问题的本源
因为Message持有了Handler的援用,当咱们通过外部类的模式定义Handler时,持有链为
Thread->MessageQueue->Message->Handler->Activity/Fragment
长生命周期的Thread持有了短生命周期的Activity.
解决形式: 应用动态外部类定义Handler,动态外部类不持有外部类的援用,所以应用动态的handler不会导致activity的泄露。
四.总结
- 1.线程通信实质上通过共享内存来实现
- 2.android零碎罕用的四种通信形式,理论都采纳Handler实现
- 3.Handler机制蕴含四局部Handler,MessageQueue,Message,Looper,它是架构演进的后果。
-
4.Handler泄露实质是因为长生命周期的对象Thead间接持有了短生命周期的对象造成。
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