通用安装指南
以下部分包含选择、下载和验证你的发行版所需的信息,本章后面部分中的说明介绍了如何安装所选的发行版。
要安装的 MySQL 版本和分发版
MySQL 可在许多操作系统和平台上使用,有关官方支持的平台的信息,请参阅 MySQL 网站上的 https://www.mysql.com/support…。
准备安装 MySQL 时,请确定要使用的版本和发行版格式(二进制文件或源代码)。
首先,决定是安装开发版本还是通用可用性(GA)版本,开发版本具有最新功能,但不建议用于生产,GA 版本,也称为生产版或稳定版,适用于生产用途,建议使用最新的 GA 版本。
MySQL 8.0 中的命名方案使用包含三个数字和可选后缀的版本名称(例如,mysql-8.0.1-dmr),版本名称中的数字解释如下:
- 第一个数字(8)是主要版本号。
- 第二个数字(0)是次要版本号,总的来说,主要和次要数字构成了发行系列号,系列号描述了稳定的特性集。
- 第三个数字(1)是发行系列中的版本号,对于每个新的错误修复版本,这都会增加,在大多数情况下,系列中的最新版本是最佳选择。
版本名称还可以包含后缀以指示版本的稳定性级别,通过一组后缀在一系列过程中发行,以指示稳定性级别如何提高,可能的后缀是:
- dmr表示开发里程碑版本(DMR),MySQL 开发使用里程碑模型,其中每个里程碑都引入了一小部分经过全面测试的特性。从一个里程碑到下一个里程碑,特性接口可能会发生变化,甚至可能会删除特性,这取决于尝试这些早期版本的社区成员提供的反馈,里程碑版本中的特性可被视为具有预生产质量。
- rc表示发布候选(RC),通过 MySQL 的所有内部测试后,发布候选版本被认为是稳定的,RC 版本中可能仍会引入新特性,但重点转移到修复错误以稳定系列早期介绍的特性。
- 缺少后缀表示通用可用性(GA)或生产版本,GA 版本是稳定的,已成功通过早期版本阶段,并且被认为是可靠的,没有严重的错误,并且适用于生产系统。
系列中的开发始于 DMR 版本,随后是 RC 版本,最后达到 GA 状态版本。
选择要安装的 MySQL 版本后,确定要为你的操作系统安装哪种发行版格式,对于大多数用例,二进制发行版是正确的选择。对于许多平台,二进制发行版以原生格式提供,例如 Linux 的 RPM 包或 OS X 的 DMG 包,发行版还提供更通用的格式,如 Zip 压缩文件或压缩 tar 文件。在 Windows 上,你可以使用 MySQL 安装程序来安装二进制发行版。
在某些情况下,最好从源代码发行版安装 MySQL:
- 你想在某个显式位置安装 MySQL,标准二进制发行版已准备好在任何安装位置运行,但你可能需要更灵活地将 MySQL 组件放置在你想要的位置。
-
你希望使用可能未包含在标准二进制发行版中的特性来配置
mysqld
,下面是一些最常见的额外选项,用于确保特性可用性:-
-DWITH_LIBWRAP=1
用于 TCP 包装器支持。 -
-DWITH_ZLIB={system|bundled}
用于依赖于压缩的特性。 -
-DWITH_DEBUG=1
用于调试支持
-
- 你希望配置
mysqld
时不使用标准二进制发行版中包含的一些特性。 - 你想要读取或修改构成 MySQL 的 C 和 C ++ 代码,为此,获取源代码发行版。
- 源代码发行包含比二进制发行版更多的测试和示例。
如何获取 MySQL
有关 MySQL 当前版本和下载说明的信息,请访问 https://dev.mysql.com/downloads/ 上的下载页面。有关 MySQL 下载镜像站点的完整最新列表,请参阅 https://dev.mysql.com/downloa…,你还可以在那里找到有关成为 MySQL 镜像站点以及如何报告错误或过时镜像的信息。
对于使用 Yum 作为其包管理系统的基于 RPM 的 Linux 平台,可以使用 MySQL Yum Repository 安装 MySQL。
对于基于 Debian 的 Linux 平台,可以使用 MySQL APT Repository 安装 MySQL。
对于 SUSE Linux Enterprise Server(SLES)平台,可以使用 MySQL SLES 存储库安装 MySQL。
使用 MD5 校验和或 GnuPG 验证程序包完整性
下载适合你需要的 MySQL 软件包之后,在尝试安装之前,请确保它完好无损且未被篡改,有三种完整性检查方法:
- MD5 校验和
- 使用 GnuPG(GNU Privacy Guard)的加密签名
- 对于 RPM 包,内置 RPM 完整性验证机制
以下部分描述了如何使用这些方法。
如果你注意到 MD5 校验和或 GPG 签名不匹配,请首先尝试再次下载相应的程序包,可能是从另一个镜像站点下载。
验证 MD5 校验和
下载 MySQL 软件包后,应确保其 MD5 校验和与 MySQL 下载页面上提供的校验和匹配,每个包都有一个单独的校验和,你可以根据下载的包进行验证。每个 MySQL 产品的下载页面上都列出了正确的 MD5 校验和,你将把它与你下载的文件(产品)的 MD5 校验和进行比较。
每个操作系统和设置都提供了自己的工具版本,用于检查 MD5 校验和,通常,该命令名为 md5sum
,或者可能命名为md5
,某些操作系统根本不提供它。在 Linux 上,它是GNU Text Utilities 包的一部分,可用于各种平台,你也可以从 http://www.gnu.org/software/t… 下载源代码。如果安装了 OpenSSL,则可以使用命令 openssl md5 package_name
。有关md5 命令行实用程序的 Windows 实现,请访问 http://www.fourmilab.ch/md5/,winMd5Sum是一个图形化的 MD5 检查工具,可以从 http://www.nullriver.com/inde… 获得,Microsoft Windows 示例将假设名称为md5.exe。
Linux 和 Microsoft Windows 示例:
shell> md5sum mysql-standard-8.0.19-linux-i686.tar.gz
aaab65abbec64d5e907dcd41b8699945 mysql-standard-8.0.19-linux-i686.tar.gz
shell> md5.exe mysql-installer-community-8.0.19.msi
aaab65abbec64d5e907dcd41b8699945 mysql-installer-community-8.0.19.msi
你应该验证生成的校验和(十六进制数字的字符串)是否与相应程序包正下方的下载页面上显示的校验和相匹配。
确保验证存档文件的校验和(例如,
.zip
、.tar.gz
或.msi
文件),而不是存档中包含的文件的校验和,换句话说,在提取其内容之前验证该文件。
使用 GnuPG 进行签名检查
验证包的完整性和真实性的另一种方法是使用加密签名,这比使用 MD5 校验和更可靠,但需要更多工作。
用 GnuPG(GNU Privacy Guard)签署 MySQL 可下载的软件包,GnuPG 是 Phil Zimmermann 著名的 Pretty Good Privacy(PGP)的开源替代品,大多数 Linux 发行版默认安装了 GnuPG,否则,请参阅 http://www.gnupg.org/ 以获取有关GnuPG 以及如何获取和安装它的更多信息。
要验证特定包的签名,首先需要获取公共 GPG 构建密钥的副本,你可以从 http://pgp.mit.edu/ 下载该密钥,你想要获取的密钥名为mysql-build@oss.oracle.com
,或者,你可以直接从以下文本复制并粘贴密钥:
-----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----
Version: GnuPG v1
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=ghXk
-----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----
要将构建密钥导入到你的个人公共 GPG 钥匙串中,请使用 gpg --import
,例如,如果已将密钥保存在名为mysql_pubkey.asc
的文件中,则 import
命令如下所示:
shell> gpg --import mysql_pubkey.asc
gpg: key 5072E1F5: public key "MySQL Release Engineering
<mysql-build@oss.oracle.com>" imported
gpg: Total number processed: 1
gpg: imported: 1
gpg: no ultimately trusted keys found
你还可以使用公钥 ID 5072E1F5
从公钥服务器下载密钥:
shell> gpg --recv-keys 5072E1F5
gpg: requesting key 5072E1F5 from hkp server keys.gnupg.net
gpg: key 5072E1F5: "MySQL Release Engineering <mysql-build@oss.oracle.com>"
1 new user ID
gpg: key 5072E1F5: "MySQL Release Engineering <mysql-build@oss.oracle.com>"
53 new signatures
gpg: no ultimately trusted keys found
gpg: Total number processed: 1
gpg: new user IDs: 1
gpg: new signatures: 53
如果要将密钥导入 RPM 配置以验证 RPM 安装包,则应该能够直接导入密钥:
shell> rpm --import mysql_pubkey.asc
下载并导入公共构建密钥后,下载所需的 MySQL 软件包和相应的签名,该签名也可从下载页面获得,签名文件与扩展名为 .asc
的发行版文件具有相同的名称,如下表中的示例所示。
文件类型 | 文件名 |
---|---|
发行版文件 | mysql-standard-8.0.19-linux-i686.tar.gz |
签名文件 | mysql-standard-8.0.19-linux-i686.tar.gz.asc |
确保两个文件都存储在同一目录中,然后运行以下命令以验证发行版文件的签名:
shell> gpg --verify package_name.asc
如果下载的包有效,你将看到类似于以下内容的“Good signature”:
shell> gpg --verify mysql-standard-8.0.19-linux-i686.tar.gz.asc
gpg: Signature made Tue 01 Feb 2011 02:38:30 AM CST using DSA key ID 5072E1F5
gpg: Good signature from "MySQL Release Engineering <mysql-build@oss.oracle.com>"
与网站上列出的签名相比,Good signature
消息表明文件签名有效,但你可能也会看到警告,如下所示:
shell> gpg --verify mysql-standard-8.0.19-linux-i686.tar.gz.asc
gpg: Signature made Wed 23 Jan 2013 02:25:45 AM PST using DSA key ID 5072E1F5
gpg: checking the trustdb
gpg: no ultimately trusted keys found
gpg: Good signature from "MySQL Release Engineering <mysql-build@oss.oracle.com>"
gpg: WARNING: This key is not certified with a trusted signature!
gpg: There is no indication that the signature belongs to the owner.
Primary key fingerprint: A4A9 4068 76FC BD3C 4567 70C8 8C71 8D3B 5072 E1F5
这是正常的,因为它们取决于你的设置和配置,以下是对这些警告的解释:
- gpg: no ultimately trusted keys found:这意味着特定密钥不会被你或你的信任网“最终信任”,这对于验证文件签名是可以的。
- WARNING: This key is not certified with a trusted signature! There is no indication that the signature belongs to the owner.:这指的是你对自己拥有真正公钥的信任程度,这是个人决定,理想情况下,MySQL 开发人员会亲自向你提供密钥,但更常见的是,你下载了密钥。下载是否被篡改?可能不是,但这个决定取决于你,建立信任网是信任它们的一种方法。
有关如何使用公钥的更多信息,请参阅 GPG 文档。
使用 Gpg4win 进行签名检查
下载并安装 Gpg4win,然后加载 Kleopatra,该对话框应类似于:
接下来,添加 MySQL Release Engineering 证书,通过点击 File->Lookup Certificates on Server 来执行此操作,在搜索框中输入“Mysql Release Engineering”,然后按Search。
选择“MySQL Release Engineering”证书,指纹和密钥 ID 必须为“5072E1F5”,或选择 Details… 以确认证书有效,现在,通过单击 Import 将其导入,将显示导入对话框,选择 Okay,此证书现在将列在Imported Certificates 选项卡下。
接下来,配置证书的信任级别,选择证书,然后从主菜单中选择 Certificates,Change Owner Trust…,建议选择I believe checks are very accurate,否则你可能无法验证签名,选择I believe checks are very accurate 以启用“完全信任”,然后按OK。
接下来,验证下载的 MySQL 包文件,这需要打包文件和签名的文件,签名文件必须与打包文件具有相同的名称,但附加 .asc
扩展名,如下表中的示例所示,签名链接到每个 MySQL 产品的下载页面,你必须使用此签名创建 .asc
文件。
文件类型 | 文件名 |
---|---|
发行版文件 | mysql-installer-community-8.0.19.msi |
签名文件 | mysql-installer-community-8.0.19.msi.asc |
确保两个文件都存储在同一目录中,然后运行以下命令以验证发行版文件的签名,将签名(.asc
)文件拖放到 Kleopatra 中,或从 File,Decrypt/Verify Files… 加载对话框,然后选择 .msi
或.asc
文件。
单击 Decrypt/Verify 以检查文件,两个最常见的结果将如下所示,虽然黄色警告看起来有问题,但以下表示文件检查成功通过,你现在可以运行此安装程序。
看到红色“The signature is bad”错误表示文件无效,如果看到此错误,请不要执行 MSI 文件。
使用 RPM 签名检查
对于 RPM 软件包,没有单独的签名,RPM 软件包具有内置 GPG 签名和 MD5 校验和,你可以通过运行以下命令来验证包:
shell> rpm --checksig package_name.rpm
例如:
shell> rpm --checksig MySQL-server-8.0.19-0.linux_glibc2.5.i386.rpm
MySQL-server-8.0.19-0.linux_glibc2.5.i386.rpm: md5 gpg OK
如果你使用的是 RPM 4.1 并且它抱怨 (GPG) NOT OK (MISSING KEYS: GPG#5072e1f5),即使你已将 MySQL 公共构建密钥导入到你自己的 GPG 钥匙串中,你需要先将密钥导入 RPM 钥匙串。RPM 4.1 不再使用你的个人 GPG 钥匙串(或 GPG 本身),相反,RPM 维护一个单独的钥匙串,因为它是一个系统范围的应用程序,而用户的 GPG 公钥串是一个用户特定的文件。要将 MySQL 公钥导入 RPM 密钥串,首先获取密钥,然后使用
rpm --import
导入密钥,例如:
shell> gpg --export -a 5072e1f5 > 5072e1f5.asc
shell> rpm --import 5072e1f5.asc
或者,rpm还支持直接从 URL 加载密钥,你可以使用此手册页:
shell> rpm --import https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/checking-gpg-signature.html
安装布局
安装布局因不同的安装类型(例如,原生程序包、二进制 tar 包和源代码压缩包)而不同,这可能会在管理不同系统或使用不同安装源时导致混淆,各个布局在相应的安装类型或平台章节中给出,请注意,Oracle 以外的供应商的安装布局可能与这些布局不同。
编译器特定的构建特征
在某些情况下,用于构建 MySQL 的编译器会影响可用的特性,本节中的注释适用于 Oracle Corporation 提供的二进制发行版或你从源代码编译的。
icc(Intel C++ Compiler)构建
使用 icc
构建的服务器具有以下特征:
- 不包括 SSL 支持。